Chromium present in high levels in water poses a serious problem in many places around the world, sometimes in relation to natural sources and in other cases to anthropogenic ones. Adsorption process using natural materials is among the most effective techniques for removing many heavy metal ions from different types of water sources. In the present study, groundnut shell was used as a nonconventional adsorbent for effective removal of chromium(VI) from aqueous solutions using batch experiments. The adsorption of chromium(VI) unto groundnut shells was found to be dependent on contact time, pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration and temperature. The adsorption of Cr(VI) was found to be optimum at a contact time of 120 min, pH 8.0, an adsorbent dose of 2.0 g/L, initial metal ion concentration of 25 mg/L and temperature of 41.5 °C. The experimental data were analyzed using three two-parameter isotherm models. The experimental data obtained for the adsorption of chromium(VI) ion fitted well to Temkin isotherm in comparison with the other isotherm models tested.

In this study, unmodified biosorbent was obtained from Arachis hypogea husk and applied to remove hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] from aqueous media through batch technique. The independent variables (contact time, pH of the solution and initial Cr(VI) concentration) influencing the adsorption process were optimized by central composite design (CCD) found in response surface methodology of the Design-Expert software 12.0.0 at a fixed temperature of 30 ± 0.5 °C. Furthermore, equilibrium sorption isotherms and kinetics studies were also investigated. The ANOVA component of the CCD indicated that all the process independent variables investigated had significant impacts on the sorption capacity of Cr(VI) by Arachis hypogea husk. The obtained experimental data showed that at the optimized 120 min contact time, 8.0 pH of the aqueous solution and 50 mg/L initial Cr(VI) concentration resulted in an optimum adsorption capacity of 2.355 mg/g. Equilibrium sorption isotherm and kinetic studies showed that Redlich–Peterson adsorption isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models fitted well to the equilibrium data. The unmodified adsorbent from Arachis hypogea husk was found to be efficient for Cr(VI) decontamination from the aqueous media.

The desorption characteristics of previously adsorbed hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and divalent lead [Pb(II)] ions on groundnut husk were tested by various desorption eluents such as tap water, de-ionized water, NaOH, HCl and H2SO4. Among them, HCl and H2SO4 were chosen as the best desorbing agents for Cr(VI) and Pb(II) ions, respectively, due to their high desorption efficiency. The desorption efficiency of HCl and H2SO4 for Cr(VI) and Pb(II) ions was about 76.1% and 82.1%, respectively, at a concentration of 0.1 M for both elution agents. The exhausted groundnut husk was regenerated up to five cycles, and the removal efficiency of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) ions on the recycled groundnut husk could be maintained at 53.5% and 54.6%, respectively, in the third cycle. The successive regeneration cycles resulted in the reduction of the desorption efficiency by 20.0% and 26.7% for Cr(VI) and Pb(II) ions, respectively, after the third cycle. The results show that groundnut husk could be recycled when used to remove Cr(VI) and Pb(II) ions from Cr(VI) and Pb(II)-polluted water and wastewaters.

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Biosorbents are found promising for the detoxification of water contaminants. This comprehensive review indicates that these biosorbents are more efficient and cost-effective for the purification of water and wastewater containing lead(ii) ions.