Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells have attracted the attention of researchers and scientists throughout the world. From 2009, when actual research work began on photovoltaic perovskite applications, a lab power conversion efficiency above 23.3% have been achieved. Whereas, silicon solar cells have only achieved power conversion efficiencies around 17.5% in both residential and commercial applications. A typical perovskite solar cell consists of 6 main layers of different materials: a glass layer, a thin layer of fluorine-doped tin oxide substrate (FTO), an electron transport layer of TiO 2 , a perovskite active layer known as methylammonium lead iodide (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3), a hole transport layer of Spiro-Ometad, and a gold (Au) electrode. This paper summarizes the research that focused on the selective use of the perovskite solar cell's composite materials, specifically, the Spiro-Ometad layer, the methylammonium lead iodide layer (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3), and the TiO 2 layer with a variation of the thickness of the perovskite layer. Initial simulation results show a power conversion efficiency of 20.34% when using a gold (Au) electrode. Further research is needed, in which new technology for device fabrication will create homogeneous thin-film layers that will be tested for increased efficiency.
Kenneth Connor is a professor in the Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering (ECSE) where he teaches courses on electromagnetics, electronics and instrumentation, plasma physics, electric power, and general engineering. His research involves plasma physics, electromagnetics, photonics, biomedical sensors, engineering education, diversity in the engineering workforce, and technology enhanced learning. He learned problem solving from his father (ran a gray iron foundry), his mother (a nurse) and grandparents (dairy farmers). He has had the great good fortune to always work with amazing people, most recently professors teaching circuits and electronics from 13 HBCU ECE programs and the faculty, staff and students of the SMART LIGHTING ERC, where he is Education Director. He teaches courses in both analog and digital electronic circuit design and instrumentation, with a focus on wireless communication. He has more than 15 years experience in the development and delivery of synchronous and asynchronous web-based course supplements for electrical engineering courses. Dr. Astatke played a leading role in the development and implementation of the first completely online undergraduate ECE program in the State of Maryland. He has published over 50 papers and presented his research work at regional, national and international conferences. He also runs several exciting summer camps geared towards middle school, high school, and community college students to expose and increase their interest in pursuing Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) fields. Dr. Astatke travels to Ethiopia every summer to provide training and guest lectures related to the use of the mobile laboratory technology and pedagogy to enhance the ECE curriculum at five different universities. Dr. Charles J. Kim, Howard UniversityCharles Kim is a professor in Electrical and Computer Engineering at Howard University. He received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from Texas A&M University in 1989, and worked as a researcher at Texas A&M University before he took an assistant professor at the University of Suwon in 1994. Since 1999, he is with Howard University. Dr. Kim's research interests include energy systems, fault detection and anticipation, embedded computing, safety-critical computer systems, and intelligent systems application. Dr. Kim is active in practicing experiential learning in engineering education with personal instrumentation such as mobile studio. Dr. Mohamed F. Chouikha, Howard UniversityDr. Mohamed Chouikha is a professor and chair of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Howard University. He received his M.S. and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Colorado-Boulder. Dr. Chouikha's research interests include machine learning, intelligent control, and multimedia signal processing communications for secure networks, among other areas. He also focuses on enhancing recruitment and retention of underrepresented minorities in the STEM areas in general, engineering in...
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