Simulation and Analysis of Methylammonium Lead Iodide (CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub>) Perovskite Solar Cell with Au Contact Using SCAPS 1D Simulator

Abstract

Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells have attracted the attention of researchers and scientists throughout the world. From 2009, when actual research work began on photovoltaic perovskite applications, a lab power conversion efficiency above 23.3% have been achieved. Whereas, silicon solar cells have only achieved power conversion efficiencies around 17.5% in both residential and commercial applications. A typical perovskite solar cell consists of 6 main layers of different materials: a glass layer, a thin layer of fluorine-doped tin oxide substrate (FTO), an electron transport layer of TiO 2 , a perovskite active layer known as methylammonium lead iodide (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3), a hole transport layer of Spiro-Ometad, and a gold (Au) electrode. This paper summarizes the research that focused on the selective use of the perovskite solar cell's composite materials, specifically, the Spiro-Ometad layer, the methylammonium lead iodide layer (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3), and the TiO 2 layer with a variation of the thickness of the perovskite layer. Initial simulation results show a power conversion efficiency of 20.34% when using a gold (Au) electrode. Further research is needed, in which new technology for device fabrication will create homogeneous thin-film layers that will be tested for increased efficiency.

Thickness Dependence of Window Layer on CH3NH3PbI3-XClX Perovskite Solar Cell

“…The layer parameters employed in the simulation were extracted from the literature [19][20][21] and summarized in Table 1. Figure 2 shows the energy band structure for the solar cell obtained from SCAP-1D software.…”

A Review of Perovskite Solar Cells

“…Perovskite materials have gained great interest because of their unique thermal, electromagnetic, and optical properties and the cubic lattice-nested octahedral layered structures [8]. There are possible phases of perovskite structure [7]: 1) Orthorhombic structure phase" when T = 160° K. 2) Tetragonal structure phase "β" occurs when T < 330°K. 3) Cubic structure phase "α" occurs for T = 330 K [17].…”

“…Perovskite has two major categories of crystal structure: 1) halo-alkanes perovskite, 2) halide perovskite "organic/inorganic" [7] with ABX3 structure [3]. Any material with a crystal structure similar to the mineral CaTiO3 (discovered in 1839) [7] is called perovskite as shown in Fig. 3 [18].…”

“…The direct energy band gap Eg of perovskite extends from 1.3 to 2.2 eV and it is responsible for its optical properties that are important for harvesting and converting ultraviolet (UV) and near-infrared (NIR) light into visible light to be used by the active layer of the perovskite as shown in Fig. 1 [7].…”

“…Fig. 1 Standard solar spectral [7]. Hybrid organic-inorganic PSCs have had a great interest since 2009 with Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) which raised exponentially from 3.8% [8] to 6.5% in 2011 [7] to about 23.3 % in 2016 [7] and reaches 25.2 % by 2021 [9][10][11][12][13] as shown in Fig.…”