Stylohyoid complex syndrome includes all lateral neck and/or facial pain conditions resulting from an elongated styloid process, ossified stylohyoid ligament, or elongated hyoid bone. Surgical intervention directed at any pathologic point to disrupt this complex relieves tension and offers patients relief of symptoms.

Preoperative CT and angiography are useful in making the diagnosis of paraganglioma before surgical intervention. Complete excision through an external mucosa-sparing approach is the treatment of choice. Distinguishing laryngeal paraganglioma from other neuroendocrine tumors can be difficult. Immunohistochemistry is an important tool for the correct pathologic diagnosis.

If a patient is in need of FESS and SRP, either for functional or cosmetic reasons, and is found on the risk matrix to either have low or moderate risk, that patient is a good candidate for a concurrent procedure. If the patient is found to have higher risk, it is not an absolute contraindication, but the surgeon must use best clinical judgment when deciding to move forward and must counsel the patient preoperatively about possible increased risks.

Loss of expression of TGF-beta RII correlates with tumor grade. The localization of activated TGF-beta1 within neoplastic epithelium, tumor-associated stroma, and endothelium suggests that it might play a role in the stromal proliferation and/or angiogenesis associated with MEC.

We conducted a retrospective review to identify the characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak in patients who had undergone septoplasty and in selected patients who had experienced a spontaneous CSF leak. CSF leak is a known but infrequently reported complication of septoplasty; to the best of our knowledge, only 4 cases have been previously published in the literature. A review of our institution's database revealed 3 cases of postseptoplasty CSF leak. We reviewed all the available data to look for any commonalities among these 7 cases. In addition, we reviewed 6 cases of spontaneous CSF leak selected from our database for the same purpose. For all patients, we noted the side of the cribriform plate defect, its size and, for the postseptoplasty cases, the interval between the septoplasty and the leak repair. Overall, we found that leaks were much more common on the right side than on the left. The sizes of the leaks in the 2 postseptoplasty groups were comparable (mean: 14.0 × 6.4 mm). The interval between septoplasty and leak repair ranged from 2.5 to 20 years in our cases and from 3 days to 22 weeks in the previously published cases. All 3 of the postseptoplasty patients in our database presented with clear rhinorrhea. Two of the 3 patients had meningitis; 1 of these 2 also had pneumocephalus. Of the 6 cases of spontaneous CSF leaks, 4 occurred on the right and 2 on the left; the average size of the defect was 5.8 mm in the greatest dimension. The finding that cribriform plate defects after septoplasty were typically right-sided likely reflects the prevalence of left-sided surgical approaches. Also, the fact that the defects were larger in the postseptoplasty cases than in the spontaneous cases is likely attributable to the torque effect toward the thin skull base that occurs when the perpendicular plate is twisted during septoplasty.

Middle turbinate resection significantly alters the anatomy and redistributes the inhaled air. The superior half of the main nasal cavity is opened up, increasing accessibility to the region. This is expected to increase inhalation dosimetry to the region during exposure to airborne particles. This study investigated the influence of middle turbinate resection on the deposition of inhaled pollutants that cover spherical and non-spherical particles (e.g. pollen). A computational model of the nasal cavity from CT scans, and its corresponding post-operative model with virtual surgery performed was created. Two constant flow rates of 5L/min, and 15L/min were simulated under a laminar flow field. Inhaled particles including pollen (non-spherical), and a spherical particle with reference density of 1000kg/m 3 were introduced in the surrounding atmosphere. The effect of surgery was most prominent in the less patent cavity side, since the change in anatomy was proportionally greater relative to the original airway space. The left cavity produced an increase in particle deposition at a flow rate of 15L/min. The main

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