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Thus, RTECC had more favorable nutrient intakes and better diet quality than BS and OBC.

ObjectiveTo examine the association between breakfast skipping and type of breakfast consumed with overweight/obesity, abdominal obesity, other cardiometabolic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome (MetS).DesignCross-sectional. Three breakfast groups were identified, breakfast skippers (BS), ready-to-eat-cereal (RTEC) consumers and other breakfast (OB) consumers, using a 24 h dietary recall. Risk factors were compared between the breakfast groups using covariate-adjusted statistical procedures.SettingThe 1999–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, USA.SubjectsYoung adults (20–39 years of age).ResultsAmong these young adults (n 5316), 23·8 % were BS, 16·5 % were RTEC consumers and 59·7 % were OB consumers. Relative to the BS, the RTEC consumers were 31 %, 39 %, 37 %, 28 %, 23 %, 40 % and 42 % less likely to be overweight/obese or have abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated serum total cholesterol, elevated serum LDL-cholesterol, reduced serum HDL-cholesterol or elevated serum insulin, respectively. Relative to the OB consumers, the BS were 1·24, 1·26 and 1·44 times more likely to have elevated serum total cholesterol, elevated serum LDL-cholesterol or reduced serum HDL-cholesterol, respectively. Relative to the OB consumers, the RTEC consumers were 22 %, 31 % and 24 % less likely to be overweight/obese or have abdominal obesity or elevated blood pressure, respectively. No difference was seen in the prevalence of the MetS by breakfast skipping or type of breakfast consumed.ConclusionsResults suggest that consumption of breakfast, especially that included an RTEC, was associated with an improved cardiometabolic risk profile in US young adults. Additional studies are needed to determine the nature of these relationships.

I . Food intake, and the rates of protein, lipid and energy deposition during growth were measured for lean and congenitally obese (fatty) female Zucker rats given diets of different protein content ad lib. Six semi-synthetic diets were used, which contained 40, 100, 150, 300, 500 and 700 g casein/kg (diets 40C, IOOC, I~o C , 300C, 5ooC and 700C). 2. Dietary treatments began when the rats were 34 or 35 d old. Collections of urine and faeces were analysed for energy content. The total carcasses of all the rats were analysed individually for protein, lipid and energy.3. In the first experiment, twelve rats of each phenotype were given diets 150C or 300C. Four fatty and four lean rats were killed at 50,66 and 98 d of age. In the second experiment groups of four fatty and four lean rats were given diets 40C, IOOC, 500C and 700C ad lib.until they were killed at 66 d of age. Other groups of fatty rats were pair-fed from 35 to 67 d of age on diets IOOC and 5ooC. Rats were also killed at 24 and 34 d of age to provide initial samples for the comparative slaughter procedure.4. When given food ad lib., fatty and lean rats had identical rates of protein deposition at all ages and for all diets, but lipid and energy deposition were always much greater in the fatty rats. Food intake was also much greater for the fatty rats (except on diet 40C). Differences in food intake and growth rate attributable to diet were most pronounced for the range of diets 40c-150c.5. Fatty rats pair-fed to lean rats deposited less protein but about twice as much energy and lipid as lean rats on the same diets.6. The results are discussed in relation to existing theories of appetite control. It appears that food intake is precisely regulated in the congenitally obese Zucker rat. This regulation is intimately linked with the impetus for protein deposition and the rates of retention of lipid and energy appear to be of no importance in relation to appetite control.Zucker & Zucker (1961) described a strain of rats in which obesity is inherited as a simple, autosomal, recessive gene. Homozygous recessive individuals (fafa, fatty rats) are noticeably fatter than their lean litter-mates by about 3 weeks of age. Individuals carrying one or two normal alleles (Fafa or FaFa, lean rats) are normal in appearance and body composition.Given free access to a diet adequate in all nutrients, the fatty rat has a much higher rate of lipid deposition than a lean rat of the same sex. This is not, however, due to hyperphagia alone. When fatty rats were restricted to a food intake equal to that of lean rats the rate of lipid deposition was 50 % greater in the fatty rats (Bray, York & Swerloff, 1973).The influence of food intake on the rate of protein deposition during growth in fatty and lean Zucker rats is less clear. The rate of protein deposition is undoubtedly much lower in fatty rats when given comparable amounts of food to lean rats. The extent of the difference has been reported to be 67 yo (Bray et al. 1973) or 56 yo (Pullar & Webster, 1974). The results of Bray ...

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