The relationship of breakfast skipping and type of breakfast consumed with overweight/obesity, abdominal obesity, other cardiometabolic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in young adults. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): 1999–2006

Abstract

ObjectiveTo examine the association between breakfast skipping and type of breakfast consumed with overweight/obesity, abdominal obesity, other cardiometabolic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome (MetS).DesignCross-sectional. Three breakfast groups were identified, breakfast skippers (BS), ready-to-eat-cereal (RTEC) consumers and other breakfast (OB) consumers, using a 24 h dietary recall. Risk factors were compared between the breakfast groups using covariate-adjusted statistical procedures.SettingThe 1999–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, USA.SubjectsYoung adults (20–39 years of age).ResultsAmong these young adults (n 5316), 23·8 % were BS, 16·5 % were RTEC consumers and 59·7 % were OB consumers. Relative to the BS, the RTEC consumers were 31 %, 39 %, 37 %, 28 %, 23 %, 40 % and 42 % less likely to be overweight/obese or have abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated serum total cholesterol, elevated serum LDL-cholesterol, reduced serum HDL-cholesterol or elevated serum insulin, respectively. Relative to the OB consumers, the BS were 1·24, 1·26 and 1·44 times more likely to have elevated serum total cholesterol, elevated serum LDL-cholesterol or reduced serum HDL-cholesterol, respectively. Relative to the OB consumers, the RTEC consumers were 22 %, 31 % and 24 % less likely to be overweight/obese or have abdominal obesity or elevated blood pressure, respectively. No difference was seen in the prevalence of the MetS by breakfast skipping or type of breakfast consumed.ConclusionsResults suggest that consumption of breakfast, especially that included an RTEC, was associated with an improved cardiometabolic risk profile in US young adults. Additional studies are needed to determine the nature of these relationships.

Meal Timing and Frequency: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

“…52,57 Conversely, among 415 healthy Korean adults, rare breakfast eaters (eating breakfast 1 of 3 days) were less likely to have elevated serum triglycerides (≥150 mg/dL). 35 Notably, in the Korean study, the percent of TEI from carbohydrates was lower and the percent from fat was higher in rare breakfast eaters, which may explain this observation.…”

“…33,[40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] For example, in NHANES 1999 to 2002, young adults (n=5316; age, 20-39 years) who reported consuming ready-to-eat cereal were 31% less likely to be overweight/obese and 39% less likely to have abdominal obesity compared with breakfast skippers. 52 Additionally, a meta-analysis of 19 studies in the Asian and Pacific regions (n=19 108 participants) demonstrated a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 1.75 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.57-195) for prevalence of overweight or obesity among the lowest compared with the highest breakfast consumption frequency. 53 The association between breakfast consumption and lower risk of obesity and weight gain is supported further by results from several large, long-term, prospective, observational studies.…”

Cumulative Effect of Obesogenic Behaviours on Adiposity in Spanish Children and Adolescents

“…Behaviours such as low physical activity, high screen time, skipping breakfast and low meal frequency are prevalent in young populations [5,6,7,8,9], and all of them have been linked to an increased risk of childhood obesity and therefore defined as obesogenic behaviours [5,6,10,11,12]. Most studies investigated the individual impact of these behaviours on obesity risk [5,6,10,11,12].…”

Effects of Oatmeal and Corn Flakes Cereal Breakfasts on Satiety, Gastric Emptying, Glucose, and Appetite-Related Hormones

“…Despite advice promoting regular breakfast consumption to help control body weight [4,5], the number of people skipping breakfast has increased [6,7]. Epidemiological studies report that regular consumption of breakfast, particularly cereal [4,5,6,8,9], is associated with lower BMI and cardiometabolic risk profile [5,6,9,10,11]. Both cross-sectional and prospective studies of breakfast habits and body weight have demonstrated inverse associations between breakfast intake and relative body weight [6,12,13,14].…”