Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ball, John C. The effectiveness of methadone maintenance treatment: patients, programs, services, and outcome / John C. Ball, Alan Ross. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. Includes index.

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A probability-based sample of 243 addicts was selected for study from a Baltimore population of 4,069 male opiate addicts. The sample was interviewed and their criminal history was traced in detail over an 11 year risk period during which they were “on the street”. It was found that these 243 heroin addicts had committed more than 473,000 crimes. As measured by crime-days, the average addict committed over 178 offenses per year and almost 2,000 offenses during his post-onset lifetime. Although the predominant offense committed was theft (as with most populations of criminals), these addicts were also involved in a wide range of other crimes: drug sales, robbery, forgery, pimping, assault, and murder. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to the impact of arrest and incarceration upon the lifetime criminality of these addicts. These research results provide a means for estimating the extent of criminality among heroin addicts throughout the United States. Our calculations indicate that the 450,000 heroin addicts in the United States commit more than 50,000,000 crimes per year and that their lifetime criminality exceeds 819,000,000 offenses.

Although several studies have documented high levels of criminal activity among narcotic addicts, especially during periods of active addiction, few studies have delineated the types of criminal activities involved or have attempted to uncover trends in such activities over successive periods of addiction and nonaddiction in addicts' careers. In the present series of analyses, the criminal activities of 354 male narcotic addicts were categorized and traced individually over time using five, standardized, crime-days-per-year-at-risk measures in the areas of theft, violence, drug sales, deception/forgery, and other crimes. In addition, a sixth composite measure was also employed. Although large differences among addicts in patterns of criminal activity over time were much in evidence and may be useful as a basis for a criminal typology, this same heterogeneity tends to preclude definitive statements concerning addicts as a group. This caveat notwithstanding, there does appear to be a general tendency for criminal activity to diminish over successive periods of nonaddiction and to increase irregularly over successive periods of addiction. The agreement of these findings with those of earlier group analyses by the authors is discussed.

Broken Mean Mean Homes, Subjecb N Age IQ Percent Negro Boys 14 15.3 96.4 35.7* White Boys 81 15.0 104.5 8.6---Internalization Ratio, or the elevation of Pd from the mean of seven of the other MMPI scales. Because of the similarity of the results, both prisoner groups were combined into a general category and matched individually for age and education with 50 enlisted men who gave no history of crimes. Seven of the scales significantly differentiated these two groups. The A1 and IR did not, nor did the elevation of Pd in relation to the other clinical scales. The prisoner population studied may be d e scribed as possessing hostile tendencies, somatic complaints, paranoid tendencies, ruminative worries and as socially withdrawn. REFERENCES 1. MCKINLEY, J. C. and HATEAWAY, S. R. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. V. Hysteria, Hy omania and Psychopathic Deviate.