experiments were designed to test for differences between spoken and written expression. These 2 modes were controlled by limiting time for preparation, time for exposition, and by limiting the Ss to 2 balanced topics. Since each S spoke and wrote on the 2 topics each was his own control. Spoken expression produces more material (words, phrases, sentences), more ideas and subordinate ideas, more ancillary ideas, communicative signals, and orientation signals. Spoken expression is more repetitious and more elaborative in all aspects of analysis. These differences between the 2 modes are related to facility of utterance both biologically and psychologically. The psychological factors include inhibition, deliberateness, memory for what is said, and a drive to prevent silent intervals.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.