Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that has been widely used to determine the neurotransmission of serotonin in the central nervous system. This substance has emerged as the drug of choice for the treatment of depression due to is safer profile, fewer side effects, and greater tolerability. Studies have found the following important functions of fluoxetine related to the central nervous system: neuroprotection; anti‐inflammatory properties similar to standard drugs for the treatment of inflammatory conditions; antioxidant properties, contributing to its therapeutic action and an important intracellular mechanism underlying the protective pharmacological effects seen in clinical practice in the treatment of different stress‐related adverse health conditions; and antiapoptotic properties, with greater neuron survival and a reduction in apoptosis mediators as well as oxidative substances, such as superoxide dismutase and hydrogen peroxide. The aim of this study was to perform a review of the literature on the important role of fluoxetine in anti‐inflammatory, cell survival, and neuron trophicity mechanisms (antiapoptotic properties) as well as its role regarding enzymes of the antioxidant defense system.

ABSTRACT.-Pimentel J.S., Gennari S.M., Dubey J.P., Marvulo M.

ResumoFoi realizada falha segmentar de 6mm na região metafisária da tíbia de 12 coelhos, sendo utilizado enxerto ósseo cortical heterólogo fragmentado, conservado em glicerina (98%), para a sua reconstrução. O enxerto foi depositado no leito receptor e a integração deste foi avaliada radiologicamente por 20, 40 e 60 dias. Houve incorporação gradativa, em relação ao tempo, do enxerto no leito receptor, em 100% dos casos. O uso de heteroenxerto ósseo cortical fragmentado e conservado em glicerina a 98% promove a reparação de falhas ósseas, sem sinais de infecção ou rejeição, podendo ser utilizado como substituto ósseo na medicina veterinária.Palavras-chave: enxertos ósseos, reparação óssea, banco de ossos. AbstractIt was realized a 6mm of segmental defect at the metaphyseal region of the tibia of 12 rabbits and fragmented heterolog cortical bone graft conserved in glycerin (98%) was used to the reconstruction. The graft was placed in the receptor bed and its integration was evaluated by radiological exam after 20, 40 and 60 days. There was gradative graft incorporation, by the time, in the receptor bed, in 100% of the cases. The use of fragmented cortical bone heterograft conserved in glycerin 98% promotes bone defect reparation without signs of infection or rejection and can be used like osseous substitute in the veterinary medicine.Keywords: bone graft, bone reparation, bone bank. IntroduçãoAs fraturas com perda de quantidade substancial de tecido ósseo têm papel de destaque na rotina clínico-cirúrgica, tanto na medicina veterinária quanto na medicina humana, não sendo raro que ortopedistas se deparem com fraturas cominutivas de ossos longos, neoplasias ósseas ou não-uniões de fraturas (Ranzani et al., 1996;Alievi et al., 2007).A melhor opção para tratar as falhas ósseas é o enxerto autólogo, uma vez que acelera a reparação óssea. No entanto, há o inconveniente de aumentar a morbidade, a dor, os tempos anestésico e cirúrgico e de lesar estruturas normais, além de poder não fornecer volume suficiente para reparar grandes falhas ósseas (Friedlaender, 1982;Alievi et al., 2007). Outra opção para a reparação das falhas ósseas é o uso de biomateriais naturais com propriedades osteogênicas, de forma a proporcionar sustentação mecânica, sendo de fácil aquisição, baixo custo, não necessitando de material especializado para conservação e que preencha completamente a falha óssea, eliminando problemas inerentes ao enxerto autógeno (Friedlaender, 1982;Alievi et al., 2007).Vários substitutos ósseos naturais têm sido pesquisados, citando-se os ossos obtidos a partir de animais da mesma espécie, ou seja, os aloenxertos, ou de espécies diferentes, os heteroenxertos, que têm sido utilizados com resultados satisfatórios (Lane e Sandhu, 1987;Ranzani, 1996;Dasso et al., 1998;Freitas et al., 2001;Morais et al., 2004;Silva e Mazzoneto, 2006;Freitas et al., 2006;Alievi et al., 2007).Os heteroenxertos possuem função de sustentação mecânica e um único doador pode fornecer quantidade significativa de tecido ósseo, possibilitando a consti...

Purpose: To report a new, direct visual approach for rat pinealectomy. Methods: Eighty adult female rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus EPM-1 strain) were weighted and anesthetized intraperitoneally with 15 mg/kg xylazine and 30 mg/kg ketamine. The animal was fastened to a dissection table, an incision was made in the skin and the subcutaneous tissue, bringing the lambda into view. The skullcap was opened with a dental drill, bringing the cerebral hemispheres and the superior sagittal sinus into view. The pineal gland, located under the venous sinus, was removed in a single piece using tweezers. Next, the bone fragment was returned to its place and the surgical layers were sutured. Results: This new technique is easy to be done, avoids bleedings and removes only the pineal gland without damage to the remaining encephalon. In addition it makes possible the achievement of a sham surgery, allowing the pineal gland to remain intact. Conclusion: The proposed technique intends to facilitate studies aiming to better understanding the complexity and importance of the pineal gland on reproductive and other body systems. Key words: Pineal Gland. Melatonin. Genitalia, Female. Surgery. Rats. RESUMOObjetivo: Apresentar nova técnica para pinealectomia em ratos. Métodos: 80 ratos adultos fêmeas (Rattus norvegicus albinus) foram pesados e em seguida anestesiados por via intraperitoneal com xilazina e cetamina. Em seguida os animais foram fixados em uma prancha de cortiça e feita uma incisão na pele e no tecido subcutâneo, na região superior da cabeça, evidenciando a junção dos ossos parietais e occipital. Na região do lambda, realizou-se uma perfuração circular, na calota craniana, com o auxilio de uma broca (4 mm) acoplada a um micromotor. Nesse orifício, após a dissecação da dura-mater visibiliza-se a confluência dos seios venosos longitudinal e transverso. Com o auxilio de uma pinça curva esses seios são deslocados, ligados e identificada a glândula pineal, que pode ser removida em peça única. Em seguida, o fragmento ósseo é devolvido ao seu lugar e as camadas cirúrgicas suturadas. Resultados: Esta nova técnica é fácil de ser feita, evita hemorragias e só remove a glândula pineal, sem prejuízos para o restante do encéfalo. Além disso, possibilita a realização de uma cirurgia sham, visto que a glândula pineal permanece sem alterações. Conclusão: Espera-se que a técnica proposta facilite estudos visando a uma melhor compreensão da complexidade e importância da glândula pineal sobre a reprodução e outros sistemas do organismo.

RESUMO -Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de avaliar os aspectos produtivos e econômicos de poedeiras comerciais (Gallus gallus) submetidas a diferentes densidades de alojamento. Foram alojadas 264 poedeiras em gaiolas com dimensões de 100 cm × 50 cm × 40 cm em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro grupos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 4 × 4, com 8, 10, 12 e 14 aves por gaiola, correspondendo a 625, 500, 416,6 e 357,14 cm 2 /ave. As características avaliadas foram: produção de ovos, peso médio dos ovos, consumo de ração, massa dos ovos, conversão alimentar por dúzia e ovos imprestáveis para consumo humano. A densidade na gaiola teve efeito apenas sobre os ovos tipos extra e segunda e sobre a produção diária dos ovos tipo segunda, mas não influenciou as demais variáveis estudadas. Para poedeiras comerciais da linhagem Dekalb White, a utilização de gaiolas com a densidade de alojamento de 625, 500, 416,6 e 357,14 cm 2 /ave na fase de produção não prejudica os parâmetros de qualidade da produção, sob os aspectos zootécnico e econômico.Palavras-chave: densidade de alojamento, desempenho, gaiola, poedeiras Productive and economical aspects of laying hens submitted to different housing densitiesABSTRACT -The objective of this research was to study productive and economical aspects of laying hens (Gallus gallus) submitted to different housing densities. Two hundred and sixty-four laying hens were housed in cages with dimensions of 100 cm × 50 cm × 40 cm in a randomized complete design with four groups distributed in a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement, with 8, 10, 12 and 14 animals/cage, corresponding to 625, 500, 416,6 and 357,14 cm 2 /animal. The following characteristics were assessed: egg production, medium egg weight, feed intake, egg mass, feed conversion per dozen and inappropriate eggs for human consumption. Cage density only had an effect on the extra large and medium type eggs and on the daily production of medium type eggs, but did not influence the other variables studied. For laying hens of the Dekalb White lineage, the use of cages with housing densities of 625, 500, 416,6 and 357,14 cm 2 /animal in the production phase did not harm the quality parameters under the productive and economical aspects.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the Load of Rupture of implants of membranes of microbial cellulose (Zoogloea sp.) and extended polytetrafuoroethylene in sharp defects of abdominal wall of rats. METHODS: Sixty Wistar male rats, with a mean weight of 437,7g ± 40,9, anesthetized by a mixture of ketamine (5mg/100g) and xylazine (2mg/100g), were submitted to a rectangular (2x3cm) excision of the abdominal wall, including fascia, muscle and peritoneum, and treated with membranes of microbial cellulose (MC) (MC Group- 30 animals) or extended polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) (ePTFE Group- 30 animals). Each group was subdivided in 14th POD, 28th POD and 60th POD Subgroups. Under anesthesia, animals were submitted to euthanasia at 14th POD, 28th POD and 60th POD for evaluation of Load of Rupture. RESULTS: Load of Rupture levels were significantly elevated (p<0, 05) among 14th, 28th and 60th postoperative days from each Group. When compared between groups, values of Load of Rupture were significantly larger (p<0, 05) in ePTFE Group than in MC Group. CONCLUSION: Resistance to strength at implant/host interface was more pronounced in PTFEe Group than in MC Group.

The aim of this study was to elucidate the cause of a neurological syndrome characterized by stridor in adult goats with clinical signs of copper deficiency. The main clinical signs consisted of apathy, emaciation, pale mucous membranes, mucous nasal discharge, dyspnea, severe achromotrichia, diffuse alopecia, torpor, ataxia, and stridor. When the goats were forced to move, the stridor increased. In a herd of 194 Toggenburg goats, 10 adult goats with clinical signs of copper deficiency were removed from the herd and divided into 2 groups: group 1, which consisted of 4 nannies and 1 buck with stridor, and group 2, which consisted of 4 nannies and 1 buck without stridor. Group 3, used as a control, consisted of 5 adult goats from another flock without any clinical signs of disease. The mean serum copper concentrations were 1.3 ± 0.3 μmol/L in group 1, 8.1 ± 1.1 μmol/L in group 2, and 11.3 ± 2.2 μmol/L in group 3. The mean serum iron concentrations were 42.3 ± 14.2 μmol/L in group 1, 39.1 ± 8.2 μmol/L in group 2, and 20.6 ± 6.1 μmol/L in group 3. The main histological lesions in goats from group 1 were axonal degeneration of the recurrent laryngeal nerves and atrophy of the muscles of vocal folds and of the dorsal cricoarytenoid and right and left cricothyroid muscles. Goats with ataxia had neuronal degeneration and necrosis of cerebellar Purkinje cells and of the cranial cervical ganglion. We concluded that the stridor was caused by axonal degeneration of the recurrent laryngeal nerves due to the severe copper deficiency.

Characterization of the reproductive anatomy of elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, rays, and sawfish) offers unique insights into the evolution of reproductive traits in animals due to their phylogenetic position at the base of the vertebrate tree of life. Yet, despite advances in our understanding of male elasmobranch reproductive physiology and testes histology, very little is known about how testes histomorphometrics varies with male maturation. In this study, we characterize and contrast testes morphology and histomorphology of males at different maturation stages in three shark species with diametric testes development: Prionaceglauca, Rhizoprionodon lalandii, and Mustelus canis. All stages of spermatogenesis were observed in P. glauca and R. lalandii, while for M. canis, only males at early stages of maturation were examined and therefore all the spermatogenesis cells lineage were not present. The number of Sertoli cells increased with cell development by six times in R. lalandii and roughly four times in P. glauca, and were statistically different among stages of spermatogenesis cysts in both species. Statistical differences in cyst diameter and Sertoli cell numbers were observed between P. glauca and R. lalandii. The increase of spermatocyte II cell diameter described for R. Lalandii in this study was not usual to elasmobranch species as compared, for example, to P. glauca. This information proves the importance of studying the testicular development and the process of spermatogenesis is necessary for understanding the reproductive biology of the species, including life cycles and history, variation of reproductive morphology. Anat Rec,