RESUMO -Este trabalho objetivou verificar o efeito do ácido indol-3-butírico (IBA) na promoção do enraizamento de brotações oriundas de estacas radiculares de amoreira-preta. O experimento foi conduzido de junho a agosto de 2010, na UNESP de Botucatu -SP, sendo o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com seis concentrações de IBA e seis repetições, com a parcela constituída por 12 brotações. Os tratamentos constaram de seis concentrações de IBA, na forma de solução: T1= 0 mg L -1 ; T2= 250 mg L -1 ; T3 = 500 mg L -1 ; T4= 1.000 mg L -1 ; T5= 2.000 mg L -1 e T6= 4.000 mg L -1 aplicados na base das brotações, durante dez segundos. Após 60 dias, foram avaliados a: porcentagem de enraizamento, massa fresca de raiz, massa seca de raiz, comprimento da maior raiz e porcentagem de sobrevivência das brotações. A concentração de 250 mg L -1 de IBA favoreceu a massa fresca e seca de raízes oriundas de estacas radiculares de amoreira-preta. As maiores concentrações de IBA inibiram o enraizamento das estacas de brotações. Termos para Indexação: Rubus spp., multiplicação, auxina, estacas. ROOTING OF SHOOT CUTTINGS DERIVED OF ROOT CUTTINGS OF BLACKBERRYABSTRACT -This study aimed to evaluate the effect of indolyl-3-butyric acid ( INTRODUÇÃOAs frutas apresentam grande destaque na alimentação da população, em especial as de clima temperado, tendo como representantes a amora-preta, a uva, a framboesa e o morango, estes recebendo o nome de frutas pequenas ou small fruits, na língua inglesa.A amoreira-preta é pouco cultivada no Brasil, tendo algum destaque nos estados das regiões Sul e Sudeste. A propagação tradicional da planta se faz através de estacas de raízes, onde estas, por ocasião do repouso vegetativo, são preparadas e enviveiradas em sacolas plásticas ou canteiros. Podem também ser usados rebentos, estacas herbáceas e lenhosas da parte aérea, além da cultura de tecidos (ANTUNES; RASEIRA, 2004), sendo a estaquia, um dos métodos mais viáveis de propagação da amoreira-preta (ANDRADE et al., 2007;MAIA;BOTELHO, 2008).Algumas desvantagens dos diferentes métodos de propagação podem ser citadas, como a possibilidade de transmissão de patógenos do solo, desuniformidade das plantas, além do baixo número de mudas produzidas. Este trabalho vem propor a utilização da auxina sintética, ácido indol-3-butírico (IBA), no enraizamento de brotações oriundas de estacas de raízes de forma a minimizar tais problemas.

RESUMO -Este trabalho objetivou verificar o efeito do ácido indol-3-butírico (IBA) e o teor de carboidratos na promoção do enraizamento em estacas de brotações de amoreira-preta. O experimento foi conduzido de junho a agosto de 2010, na UNESP de Botucatu -SP, sendo o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com seis concentrações de IBA e seis repetições, com a parcela constituída por 12 brotações. Os tratamentos constaram de seis concentrações de IBA, na forma de solução: T1= 0 mg L -1 ; T2= 250 mg L -1 ; T3= 500 mg L -1 ; T4= 1.000 mg L -1 ; T5= 2.000 mg L -1 , e T6= 4.000 mg L -1 aplicados na base das brotações, durante dez segundos. Após 60 dias, foram avaliados: a porcentagem de enraizamento e o teor de carboidratos solúveis. As maiores concentrações de IBA inibiram o enraizamento das estacas de brotações. O aumento nos teores de açúcares da parte aérea com relação às raízes pode indicar que a parte aérea atuou como fonte de fotoassimilados e, dentre eles, açúcares solúveis, para promover o enraizamento das brotações. Termos para indexação: Amoreira-preta, propagação, auxina, propagação vegetativa. IBA AND CARBOHYDRATES ON ROOTING OF SHOOT CUTTINGS FROM ROOT CUTTINGS OF Rubus spp.ABSTRACT -This study aimed to evaluate the effect of indolyl-3-butyric acid (IBA) and carbohydrates in promoting the rooting of blackberry shoot cuttings. This work was conducted from June to August 2010, at UNESP, Botucatu, Sao Paulo state, Brazil, under the randomized block design, with six concentrations of IBA and six replications of 12 shoot cuttings per plot. The treatments consisted of six concentrations of IBA, as a solution: T1= 0 mg L -1 , T2= 250 mg L -1 , T3= 500 mg L -1 , T4=1000 mg L -1 , T5 = 2000 mg L -1 and T6= 4000 mg L -1 applied on the basis of shoot cuttings for ten seconds. After 60 days,: the percentage of rooting and the soluble carbohydrates levels were evaluated. The highest concentrations of IBA inhibited root development and characteristics of the shoots cuttings. The higher sugar levels in shoot than in the roots may indicate that the shoot functioned as a source of assimilates, among them,soluble sugars, to promote the rooting of shoots.

Different formulations based on multibody dynamics are shown to be suitable for the development of a methodology for the impact simulation and crashworthiness design of railway vehicles. The proposed design methodology comprises different computer‐aided tools of increasing complexity and accuracy which can be used with greater advantage and efficiency in the different design stages of railway stock. In general, the crashworthiness design methods and associated multibody dynamic tools which are presented in this paper require information to be obtained from numerical or experimental crush tests of specific structural components, subassemblies and critical energy absorption devices normally located in car extremities. This hybrid feature lends to the present design process various efficiency gains as a result of a better understanding of the crash and different collapse mechanisms and ease of use. To access the merits of the present methodologies some new designs are discussed and the application of the proposed numerical tools is illustrated for different structural configurations of car extremities. A formulation for the sensitivity analysis and optimization of planar constrained mechanical systems is also presented. An example of crashworthiness design of an end underframe model of a railway car is solved to demonstrate the use of the methodology. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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RESUMO-Este trabalho objetivou verificar o efeito do bioestimulante Promalin® na promoção da brotação em estacas radiciais de amoreira-preta (Rubus spp.) cv. Brazos. O experimento foi conduzido de janeiro a março de 2010, sendo o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco concentrações de bioestimulante, na forma de solução: T1= 0 mg L -1 ; T2= 10 mg L -1 ; T3= 20 mg L -1 ; T4= 40 mg L -1 , e T5= 80 mg L -1 , sendo as estacas radiciais mergulhadas nessas soluções durante 12 horas, em sete repetições com dez estacas cada. Após 75 dias, foram avaliadas: a emergência de brotos, o número de estacas brotadas, número de brotos, número de folhas, comprimento da haste principal e porcentagem de sobrevivência das brotações, além da análise de carboidratos solúveis. Ocorreu evolução gradativa ao longo do tempo na emergência das brotações, iniciando em aproximadamente sete dias após o plantio. As maiores concentrações de Promalin® inibiram a brotação em estacas de raiz, e as características de desenvolvimento dessas brotações foram alteradas, sendo os melhores resultados alcançados sem a aplicação dos reguladores vegetais. termos para indexação: Rubus spp., multiplicação, pequenos frutos, regulador vegetal. BIOSTIMULANT IN PROMOTING THE SPROUTING IN ROOT CUTTINGS OF BLACKBERRYABSTRACT-This study aimed to evaluate the effect of biostimulante Promalin® promoting sprouting in root cuttings of blackberry (Rubus spp.) cv. Brazos. The experiment was conducted from January to March 2010, with a completely randomized design with five concentrations of biostimulant, as solution: T1= 0 m g L -1 , T2= 10 mg L -1 , T3= 20 mg L -1 , T4= 40 mg L -1 and T5= 80 mg L -1 with the root cuttings dipped in these solutions for 12 hours and seven replications, and the plot compose by ten root cuttings. After 75 days were examined: the emergence of shoots, number of sprouting, shoot number, leaf number, length of main stem and survival percentage of the shoots, besides the analysis of soluble carbohydrates. Gradual evolution has occurred over time in the emergence of the shoots, beginning in approximately seven days after planting. The highest concentrations of Promalin® inhibited the sprouting of root cuttings and the growth characteristics of these shoots, the best results were achieved without the application of the product.

Two different multibody dynamics formulations for the simulation of systems experiencing material and geometric nonlinear deformations while undergoing gross motion are presented in this paper. In the first, an updated Lagrangean formulation is used to derive the equilibrium equations of the flexible body while the finite element method is subsequently applied to obtain a numerical description for the equations of motion. The computational efficiency of the formulation is increased by using a lumped mass description of the flexible body mass matrix and referring the nodal accelerations to the inertial frame. In the resulting equations of motion the flexible body mass matrix is constant and diagonal while the full nonlinear deformations and the inertia coupling description are still preserved. In some cases the flexible components present zones of concentrated deformations resulting from local instabilities. The remaining structure of the system behaves either as rigid bodies or as linear elastic bodies. The second formulation presents a discrete model where all the nonlinear deformations are concentrated in the plastic hinges assuming the multibody components are as being either rigid or flexible with linear elastodynamics. The characteristics of the plastic hinges are obtained from numerical or experimental crush tests of specific structural components. The structural impact of a train carbody against a rigid wall and the performance of its end underframe in a collision situation is studied with the objective of assessing the relative merits of the formulations presented herein. The results are compared with those obtained by experimental testing of a full scale train and conclusions on the application of these methodologies to large size models are drawn.

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In this paper simplified models for the design of vehicle structures under impact are presented. The use of multibody system dynamics based models in structural crashworthiness problems proved to be useful and accurate enough in simulating train collisions and in the optimization of energy absorption devices [1]. The presented simplified computational models are based on multibody rigid-flexible systems, where flexibility is included using the finite element method. Structural damping and contact models are also considered. In structural impact, members can be subjected to axial or bending tensions that usually result in components' plastic deformation in areas known as plastic elements. Plastic elements can be modeled associating cinematic joints with non-linear springs, whose constitutive relationship correspond to the components' collapse behavior. The constitutive relationship is computationally defined using parameter identification techniques. Sometimes not all the areas where plastic deformation occurs can be predicted, so, a methodology to detect plasticity and automatically insert new plastic elements in simplified models, called remodelling, is proposed. Since simplified models are based on multibody systems, crashworthiness simulations are much faster when compared to finite element commercial software, enabling the use of genetic algorithms for the design process [2]. Dynamic analysis formulations are integrated with the multiobjective optimization evolutionary algorithm NSGAII [3] resulting in a 2D mechanical systems multiobjective optimization tool, used to perform optimization simulations where parameters most frequently used in crashworthiness problems are studied. The presented methodologies and formulations have been implemented computationally in order to develop a tool for the first stages of vehicle design. Remodelling and multiobjective optimization examples are presented to demonstrate the presented methodologies.