This paper reviews current scientific information about the duration of immunity induced in dogs by infection or vaccination. It describes the shortcomings of the methods used to measure the immune responses of dogs, and explains the need for basic studies on the nature of protective humoral and cellular responses, and standardised assays for the long-term duration of immunity to pathogens other than rabies. The information is inadequate to warrant uniform recommendations on the ideal intervals for vaccination; each vaccine must be evaluated on the basis of its own merits and the characteristics of the disease it is intended to guard against.
Parenterally and intranasally administered vaccines containing B bronchiseptica may provide substantial protection from clinical signs of respiratory tract disease associated with infection by this bacterium. Administration of both types of vaccines in sequence afforded the greatest degree of protection against disease.
The necessity for cats to be vaccinated annually against common pathogens has been questioned because sarcomas have infrequently been reported at the injection site. However, with few exceptions, the duration of immunity induced by vaccination or infection is uncertain, and there may therefore be a risk associated with a decision not to revaccinate. This article reviews the information available about the duration of immunity induced by vaccination or infection in cats, and reveals many shortcomings that make blanket recommendations impossible. Each vaccine must be considered individually.
Purpose• To develop an instrument for the comprehensive measurement of the impact of refractive correction on quality of life in the pre-presbyopic age group.• To design the questionnaire to be relevant to refractive correction by spectacles, contact lenses and refractive surgery such that it is suitable for comparison between correction mode and for studies of treatment outcome.
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