Uranium contamination is reported in the groundwater of Haryana but the data of its occurrence is utterly scattered. In the present study, the data related to the distribution of uranium in Haryana was compiled and a contour map was generated. The map showed average uranium concentration in groundwater of Fatehabad (22.3 ppb), Jind (16.76 ppb), Rohtak (15.49 ppb), Mahendargarh (18.87 ppb), Gurgaon & Sohna (22.09 ppb), Rewari (14.4 ppb) below the prescribed limit of WHO while in Hisar (33.9 ppb), Sonipat (57.43 ppb), Panipat (49.42 ppb), Sirsa (49 ppb), Jhajjar (53.01 ppb) and Bhiwani (30.15 ppb) districts higher than the standard limit of 30 ppb of WHO, but below the standard limit of 60 ppb issued by AERB. The AED (Annual Effective Dose) in all districts was found to be less than 100 µSv/y; ECR (Excess Cancer Risk) was found to be less in all districts except Hisar, Panipat, Sonipat, Sirsa, Fatehabad, Sohna, Gurugram, Rewari, Jhajjar and Bhiwani districts, where ECR was higher than the prescribed limit of 1.67 × 10-4 as per AERB.
Groundwater contamination is a major concern in front of the scienti c community because it is directly related to human health, especially in arid and semiarid regions. Therefore, a comprehensive study was engaged to evaluate the water quality, potability, and human health risk assessment due to the consumption of uoride and nitrate-contaminated water in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan. In water quality, 16 parameters were analyzed as per the standard method of APHA(American Public health Association ), 2017, collected from 87 locations in the study region, and results found that the value of the number of quality parameters consisting of pH, EC, TDS, uoride, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, and total alkalinity was observed higher than the recommended limit of BIS (Bureau of Indian standard), 2012 and WHO (World Health Organization), 2017. The uoride in 11% and nitrate in 6% samples were observed to exceed the permissible limit of WHO. The results of risk assessment due to uoride and nitrate revealed that Hazard Index values of 71% groundwater samples for males, 78% groundwater samples for females, and 75% groundwater samples for children were greater than 1, indicating the signi cant health hazard due to consumption of groundwater. The water quality index (WQI) found that 37% of groundwater samples belong to categories that cannot be used for drinking purposes. Principal component analysis (PCA) reduced the large number of variables affecting the overall quality and chemistry of groundwater and determined four major components which account for 69.50% variance in the data.
Development of sustainable energy resources is a major concern in front of the scientific community and stakeholders in this field. Invariably, fossil fuels are utilized to meet the major part of energy demand all over the world, but their stocks are limited. Burning of fossil fuels also causes significant environmental pollution that results in drastic climate change. There is an emergent need of an alternative to fulfill the current energy demand in a sustainable way along with sorting out the pollution issues. Microbial biofuels could be the most appropriate choice in this regard because it bears enormous potential that needs to be exploited. But it has some challenging issues to employ it to meet out the current energy demands. This chapter illustrates the microbial biofuels, harvesting techniques, different process, and potential to utilize them as sustainable energy sources along with considerable challenges that need to be addressed to make it an eco-friendly and economic fuel choice to pave the path of sustainable development.
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