The Carbonaceous Aerosol Emissions, Source Apportionment and Climate Impacts (COALESCE) is a multi-institutional Indian network project to better understand carbonaceous aerosol induced air quality and climate effects. This study presents time synchronized measurements of surface PM 2.5 concentrations made during 2019 at 11 COALESCE sites across India. The network median PM 2.5 concentration was 42 μg m −3 with the highest median value at Rohtak (99 μg m −3 ) and the lowest median value at Mysuru (26 μg m −3 ). The influence of six meteorological parameters on PM 2.5 were evaluated. Causality analysis suggested that temperature, surface pressure, and relative humidity were the most important factors influencing fine PM mass, on an annual as well as seasonal scale. Further, a multivariable linear regression model showed that, on an annual basis, meteorology could explain 16%-41% of PM 2.5 variability across the network. Concentration Weighted Trajectories (CWT) together with the results of causality analysis revealed common regional sources affecting PM 2.5 concentrations at multiple regional sites. Further, CWT source locations for all sites across the network correlated with the SMoG-India emissions inventory at the 95th percentile confidence. Finally, CWT maps in conjunction with emissions inventory were used to obtain quantitative estimates of anthropogenic primary PM 2.5 sectoral shares from a mass-meteorology-emissions reconciliation, for all 11 pan-India network sites. These estimates can help guide immediate source reduction and mitigation actions at the national level.Plain Language Summary Surface PM 2.5 mass causal associations with annual and seasonal meteorology during 2019 across 11 pan-India COALESCE network locations were examined. Temperature, surface pressure and relative humidity were the most influential factors on fine PM mass concentrations. However, across the country only 16%-41% of fine PM variability was explained by meteorology on an annual basis. A fusion of trajectory ensemble methods with national emissions inventory was used for apportioning anthropogenic primary PM 2.5 at all 11 locations. Mass-meteorology-emissions associations helped identify priority sectors for source control across the country.
Landfills are the most common method for the disposal of municipal solid waste the world over, as well as in India due to their low technical and economic requirements. The selection of an appropriate site for the establishment of a landfill is a complex process because it must combine social, environmental and technical parameters. The scientific selection of landfill site is based on several diverse criteria (Land Use and Land Cover, ground water table depth, soil permeability, surface water, roads distance, slop etc) and regulations. The study presents the selection of a site for the establishment of a landfill based on several criteria using geographic information system (GIS) based site suitability modeling and analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Site suitability modeling was implemented using Boolean and Index overlay models. Each criterion and sub criteria was evaluated with the aid of AHP to assign a relative weightage in the index overlay model. Rules and criteria's set by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO) were implemented through Boolean model. The combination of the results of the two models generated a map with several suitable sites. Further selection was done on basis of the size requirement of the site, to handle Municipal solid waste (MSW) for next ten years. Two sites having the maximum suitability and also fulfilling the size requirement were shortlisted. Final selection from the two sites was done by a field survey of the sites. Finally the site B was selected on the basis of field survey which revealed it being better on account of certain factors discussed and social acceptability.
Uranium contamination is reported in the groundwater of Haryana but the data of its occurrence is utterly scattered. In the present study, the data related to the distribution of uranium in Haryana was compiled and a contour map was generated. The map showed average uranium concentration in groundwater of Fatehabad (22.3 ppb), Jind (16.76 ppb), Rohtak (15.49 ppb), Mahendargarh (18.87 ppb), Gurgaon & Sohna (22.09 ppb), Rewari (14.4 ppb) below the prescribed limit of WHO while in Hisar (33.9 ppb), Sonipat (57.43 ppb), Panipat (49.42 ppb), Sirsa (49 ppb), Jhajjar (53.01 ppb) and Bhiwani (30.15 ppb) districts higher than the standard limit of 30 ppb of WHO, but below the standard limit of 60 ppb issued by AERB. The AED (Annual Effective Dose) in all districts was found to be less than 100 µSv/y; ECR (Excess Cancer Risk) was found to be less in all districts except Hisar, Panipat, Sonipat, Sirsa, Fatehabad, Sohna, Gurugram, Rewari, Jhajjar and Bhiwani districts, where ECR was higher than the prescribed limit of 1.67 × 10-4 as per AERB.
Urban air quality around commercial and residential areas in cities has been progressively deteriorating due to gaseous pollutants released by an increasing load of vehicular on the roads resulting in adverse effects on human health. Plants due to their gas exchange have capability combat gaseous pollutants. The Phytoremediation capability and capacity of plants has been studied through the use of Anticipated Pollution Index (API) and Air pollution tolerance Index (APTI). Apart from other factors, the ecological significance of each plant has been considered for evaluating the API. The present study was undertaken for 40 plants,
Groundwater contamination is a major concern in front of the scientific community because it is directly related to human health, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore, a comprehensive study was engaged to evaluate the water quality, potability, and human health risk assessment due to the consumption of fluoride and nitrate-contaminated water in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan. In water quality, 16 parameters were analyzed as per the standard method of APHA(American Public health Association ), 2017, collected from 87 locations in the study region, and results found that the value of the number of quality parameters consisting of pH, EC, TDS, fluoride, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, and total alkalinity was observed higher than the recommended limit of BIS (Bureau of Indian standard), 2012 and WHO (World Health Organization), 2017. The fluoride in 11% and nitrate in 6% samples were observed to exceed the permissible limit of WHO. The results of risk assessment due to fluoride and nitrate revealed that Hazard Index values of 71% groundwater samples for males, 78% groundwater samples for females, and 75% groundwater samples for children were greater than 1, indicating the significant health hazard due to consumption of groundwater. The water quality index (WQI) found that 37% of groundwater samples belong to categories that cannot be used for drinking purposes. Principal component analysis (PCA) reduced the large number of variables affecting the overall quality and chemistry of groundwater and determined four major components which account for 69.50% variance in the data.
Groundwater contamination is a major concern in front of the scienti c community because it is directly related to human health, especially in arid and semiarid regions. Therefore, a comprehensive study was engaged to evaluate the water quality, potability, and human health risk assessment due to the consumption of uoride and nitrate-contaminated water in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan. In water quality, 16 parameters were analyzed as per the standard method of APHA(American Public health Association ), 2017, collected from 87 locations in the study region, and results found that the value of the number of quality parameters consisting of pH, EC, TDS, uoride, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, and total alkalinity was observed higher than the recommended limit of BIS (Bureau of Indian standard), 2012 and WHO (World Health Organization), 2017. The uoride in 11% and nitrate in 6% samples were observed to exceed the permissible limit of WHO. The results of risk assessment due to uoride and nitrate revealed that Hazard Index values of 71% groundwater samples for males, 78% groundwater samples for females, and 75% groundwater samples for children were greater than 1, indicating the signi cant health hazard due to consumption of groundwater. The water quality index (WQI) found that 37% of groundwater samples belong to categories that cannot be used for drinking purposes. Principal component analysis (PCA) reduced the large number of variables affecting the overall quality and chemistry of groundwater and determined four major components which account for 69.50% variance in the data.
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