Sparassis crispa is a kind of edible fungus widely grows in the north temperate zone, which shows various medicinal properties. Due to the complexity of chemical constitutes of this species, few investigations have acquired a comprehensive configuration for the chemical profile of it. In this study, a strategy based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) combined with Orbitrap mass spectrometer (MS) was established for rapidly characterizing various chemical components in S. crispa. Through the summarized MS/MS fragmentation patterns of reference compounds and systematic identification strategy, a total of 110 components attributed to six categories were identified for the first time. Moreover, allergic rhinitis (AR) is a worldwide inflammatory disease seriously affecting human health, and the development of drugs to treat AR has been a topic of interest. It has been reported that the extracts of S. crispa showed obvious inhibitory effects on degranulation of mast cell- and allergen-induced IgE and proinflammatory mediators, but the active components and specific mechanism were still not clear. Src family kinases (SFKs) participate in the initial stage of allergy occurrence, which are considered the targets of AR treatment. Herein, on the basis of that self-built chemical database, virtual screening was applied to predict the potential SFKs inhibitors in S. crispa, using known crystal structures of Hck, Lyn, Fyn, and Syk as receptors, followed by the anti-inflammatory activity evaluation for screened hits by intracellular calcium mobilization assay. As results, sparoside A was directly confirmed to have strong anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 value of 5.06 ± 0.60 μM. This study provides a useful elucidation for the chemical composition of S. crispa, and demonstrated its potential inhibitory effects on AR, which could promote the research and development of effective agents from natural resources.
Agaricus blazei Murill (ABM) is a common anticancer folk remedy. Its active ingredients, i.e., polysaccharides, have been isolated and exhibit indirect tumor-suppressing activity via immunological activation. The effects of polysaccharides derived from A. blazei Murill (ABMP) on RAW 264.7 cells were examined by western blotting and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The effects of 500, 1000, and 2000 μg mL ABMP on the growth of RAW 264.7 cells were evaluated by measuring the OD value; the optimum concentration was found to be 1000 μg mL. Based on the RT-PCR results, the expression levels of JNK, ERK, and p38 decreased substantially in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells treated with ABMP. In RAW 264.7 cells treated with LPS, the protein expression levels of JNK, ERK, and p38 were decreased, as were the levels of phosphorylated JNK, ERK, and p38. These results indicate that the MAPK signal transduction pathway is a potential mechanism by which ABMP regulates the cell-mediated immunity of RAW 264.7 cells.
The golden–needle mushroom Flammulina filiformis is one of the most precious cultivated edible fungi in the world. Despite recent progress in the study of F. filiformis, there is still a gap in the regulation of the mitochondrial genome during browning, which poses a serious threat to the golden–needle mushroom industry. Comparative transcriptome analysis of two isonuclear alloplasmic strains showed that changes in the mitochondrial genome lead to different gene expression and key biological pathways at different stages in the two isonuclear alloplasmic strains. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis revealed that the mitochondrial genome has a significant role in the regulation of a multitude of critical metabolic pathways relating to the browning of F. filiformis fruiting bodies. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in many vital processes of mitochondria, mitochondrial membrane, and multiple amino acid metabolisms of F. filiformis. Taken together, the current study highlights the crucial role of the mitochondrial genome in the growth of F. filiformis and could be beneficial to genetic breeding of elite varieties of edible fungi.
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