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[1] In atmospheric transport models, the covariation of the atmospheric transport and annually neutral biospheric CO 2 flux is usually evident as the annual zonal mean surface CO 2 concentration gradient. Using the NIES transport model and CO 2 flux from the Biome-BGC model, the covariations of different transport mechanisms and CO 2 flux were examined and quantified. Including the covariation of the total transport (processes included in the NIES model) and CO 2 flux, the annual average pole to pole CO 2 concentration gradient is 3.5 ppm and interhemispheric difference of the average extratropical surface concentration is 2.5 ppm. The conventional covariation mechanism of the seasonal variation of planetary boundary layer mixing height and CO 2 flux accounts for approximately 45% of the CO 2 concentration gradient. Another important contribution to the CO 2 concentration gradient in this model is the covariation of the extratropical anomaly transport (mainly by cyclones and anticyclones) and the biospheric flux, which accounts for about 55%. This alternate physical mechanism is the association of stronger meridional (north-south) anomaly transport (under strong baroclinic instability condition) with higher CO 2 concentration from soil respiration in the winter and weaker anomaly transport (weak baroclinic instability condition) with lower CO 2 concentration from photosynthetic uptake in the summer. The net result of the meridional transport and flux covariation is a north-south annual zonal mean CO 2 concentration gradient.

Methylammonium (MA) bismuth iodide ((CH3NH3)3Bi2I9) is a promising perovskite material for solar cell application considering the air stability and the nontoxic lead‐free molecular constitution. However, the further improvement of the device performances is prohibited by the wide bandgap (≈2.1 eV) and unsatisfied crystallinity of the (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9 films. Herein, a developed low‐pressure vapor‐assisted solution process (LP‐VASP) method is applied to obtain the sulfur‐incorporated bismuth‐based perovskites films. Due to the presence of sulfur, both the crystal quality and the energy band property are improved effectively in the as‐fabricated lead‐free perovskite films. After a systematic study of the influence of the reaction time on the device performances, the optimized reaction time is found to be 30 min, under which, the sulfur‐incorporated MA3Bi2I9‐2xSx perovskite films exhibit a reduced bandgap of 1.67 eV and a compact morphology. The corresponding optimal PCE reaches 0.152%. This study provides a new way for the incorporation of sulfur in the lead‐free bismuth‐based perovskite solar cells.

Electromagnetic (EM) transmission through dual-metallic grating (DMG) structures composed of slits arrays, with the longitudinal interval G and the lateral displacement L, is investigated by using the finite-difference time-domain method. The results show that the EM transmission property can be controlled by changing G or/and L, such as tunable wavelength of high transmission, changeable transmittance for a special wavelength, and suppressed EM transmission over a broad spectral range. The DMG structures have potential applications in the future photonics. In addition, some advantages of DMGs with respect to the single-metallic gratings are also discussed.

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Abstractmagnified imageA series of novel gemini dicationic acidic ionic liquids (GDAILs), compounds 1–3 carrying two SO3H groups at the cation moieties and having anions of the type CF3SO$\rm{ _3^ - }$, were synthesized in good yields (Scheme 1). Some physicochemical properties of 1–3 were determined; due to their unique structures, these novel GDAILs showed noticeable hydrophilic properties and strong acidities (Table 1). Beckmann rearrangements of oximes catalyzed by 1, 2, or 3/zinc chloride (GDAIL/ZnCl2) were investigated (Scheme 2); the corresponding amides were formed in up to 99% yield in the presence of 5 mol‐% of GDAIL/ZnCl2 catalyst under optimized conditions (Tables 2 and 3). The peculiar solubilities of 1–3 made the separation of the catalysts from the products very facile, and the catalytic system could be recycled and reused for three times.

Highlights d Python package to model hierarchical biological structure from omics data d Web application to visualize hierarchical structure and its support in omics data d Compendium of pathway hierarchies for 652 diseases d Online sharing of input and output data through the Network Data Exchange

An augmented coprime array systematically employs two sparse subarrays to produce a large-scale difference co-array with attractive merits, such as enhanced degrees of freedom (DOFs) and enlarged array aperture, whereas the interleaved subarrays are susceptible to mutual coupling. In this paper, we propose an unfolded augmented coprime array (UACA) obtained by careful crafting of small sparse subarrays to fill the holes in the difference co-array generated by unfolding operation. Specifically, UACA can significantly reduce the number of sensor pairs with small spacing and hence inherently weaken the mutual coupling effect. Meanwhile, an increase of the DOFs and improved direction of arrival (DOA) estimation accuracy can be achieved in the presence of mutual coupling. As an application of UACA, we propose a decoupled interference-plus-noise covariance matrix (INCM) reconstruction method for robust adaptive beamforming (RAB) with UACA. Therein, mutual coupling coefficients are estimated based on the remodeled contaminated steering vector and the noise subspace. The estimated mutual coupling matrix is utilized to reconstruct the decoupled covariance matrix which in turn is used to obtain refined DOA estimates, interferer power estimates, and the desired INCM. Extensive simulation results are provided to verify the effectiveness of UACA and the decoupled INCM reconstruction method for RAB. INDEX TERMSCoprime array, mutual coupling, DOA estimation, robust adaptive beamforming.