Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent mode of cell death. It can occur through two major pathways, exogenous (or transporter-dependent) and endogenous (or enzyme-regulated) pathways are activated by biological or chemical inducers, and glutathione peroxidase activity is inhibited, which causes intracellular iron accumulation and lipid Peroxidation. Ferroptosis is closely related to the pathological process of many diseases. How to intervene in the occurrence and development of related diseases by regulating ferroptosis has become a hot research topic. At present, studies have shown that ferroptosis is found in common diseases such as tumors, inflammatory diseases, bacterial infections, pulmonary fibrosis, hepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, neurodegenerative diseases, kidney injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury and skeletal muscle injury. This article reviews the characteristics and mechanism of ferroptosis, and summarizes how ferroptosis participates in the pathophysiological process in various systemic diseases of the body, which may provide new references for the treatment of clinical diseases in the future.
Background On September 4, 2018, a boarding school in the Shunyi District of Beijing, China reported an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis. At least 209 suspected students caused of diarrhea and vomiting. The case was investigated, and control measures were taken to prevent further spread. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted among the school students and staff in order to test hypothesis that high risk of food served at the school canteen. We collected information on demographics, refectory records, person to person transmission by uniform epidemiological questionnaire. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Stool specimens of cases and canteen employees, retained food, water, and environmental swabs were investigated by laboratory analysis. Results We identified 209 cases (including 28 laboratory-confirmed cases) which occurred from August 29 to September 10. All cases were students, and the average age was 20, 52% were male. The outbreak lasted for 13 days, and peaked on September 5. Consumption of Drinks stall and Rice flour stall on September 1 (RR:3.4, 95%CI:1.5-7.8, and RR:7.6, 95%CI:2.8-20.2), Rice flour stall and Fish meal stall on September 2 (RR:4.0, 95%CI:1.2-13.6, and RR:4.6, 95%CI:1.7-12.5), muslim meal stall on September 4 (RR:2.7, 95%CI:1.3-5.4), Barbeque stall on September 5 (RR:3.0, 95%CI:1.2-7.0) were independently associated with increased risk of disease within the following 2 days. Among 35 specimens of rectal swabs or feces from students, 28 specimens were positive. Norovirus GI.6 alone was detected in 23 specimens, Bacillus cereus alone in 3 specimens and both norovirus GI.6 and Bacillus cereus in 2 specimens. 10 specimens of rectal swabs from canteen employees were positive for norovirus GI, and 2 specimens were positive for Bacillus cereus. Four retained food specimens were positive for Bacillus cereus, and environmental samples were negative for any viruses or bacteria. Conclusion Our investigation indicated that canteen employees were infected by two pathogens (norovirus and Bacillus cereus) and transmission may have been possible due to unhygienic practices. Student consumption of food or drink at high-risk stalls was determined as the probable cause of the outbreak.
The aim of this study was to investigate the association between blood cadmium levels (BCL) and blood lead levels (BLL) and bone mineral density (BMD) in people aged 20 to 59 years. Using data from the 2011–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the researchers used multiple logistic regression models to examine the associations between BCL, BLL, and lumbar BMD. Fitting smooth curves and generalized summation models were also used. In subgroup analyses stratified by sex, the negative correlation between BCL, BLL, and lumbar BMD remained negative in women but not significant in men. In a subgroup analysis stratified by race, an inverse association between blood cadmium and lumbar BMD was observed only in whites. The negative association between BLL and lumbar BMD remained negative among whites, blacks, and Mexican Americans, and showed a U-shaped curve among other races.
Background On 4 September 2018, a boarding school in the Shunyi District of Beijing, China reported an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis. At least 209 affected students developed the symptoms of diarrhea and vomiting. Investigations were conducted to identify the agent and source of this outbreak, and to implement controls to prevent further transmission. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted among the school students and staff in order to test hypothesis that food served at the school canteen. We collected information on demographics, refectory records at the canteen and contact to ill persons or vomit, using a uniform epidemiological questionnaire. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Stool specimens of cases and canteen employees, food served, water, and environmental swabs were investigated by laboratory analysis. Results We identified 209 cases(including 28 laboratory-confirmed cases) that occurred from August 29 to September 10. All cases were students, and the median age was 20 years, 52% were male. The outbreak lasted for 13 days, and peaked on September 5. Consumption of Drinks window and Rice flour window on 1 September(RR: 3.4, 95% CI: 1.5-7.8, and RR: 7.6, 95% CI: 2.8-20.2), Rice flour window and Fish meal window on 2 September(RR: 4.0, 95% CI: 1.2-13.6, and RR: 4.6, 95% CI: 1.7-12.5), Moslem meal window on 4 September(RR: 2.7, 95%CI: 1.3-5.4), Barbeque window on 5 September(RR: 3.0, 95%CI: 1.2-7.0) were independently associated with increased risk of disease within the following 2 days. Rectal swabs or stool samples from twenty-five cases and ten canteen employees were positive for norovirus GI.6. Five cases were positive for Bacillus cereus, among them, two stool samples were detected by a mixed infection of Norovirus and Bacillus cereus. Four retained food specimens were positive for Bacillus cereus, and environmental samples were negative for any viruses or bacteria. Conclusion Our investigation indicated that consumption of high-risk windows was the source of this outbreak. The high rate of infection of both pathogens was exacerbated by unhygienic manipulation and Inappropriate hygiene practices in canteen employees.
Background On September 4, 2018, a boarding school in the Shunyi District of Beijing, China reported an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis. At least 209 suspected students caused of diarrhea and vomiting. The case was investigated, and control measures were taken to prevent further spread. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted among the school students and staff in order to test hypothesis that high risk of food served at the school canteen. We collected information on demographics, refectory records, person to person transmission by uniform epidemiological questionnaire. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Stool specimens of cases and canteen employees, retained food, water, and environmental swabs were investigated by laboratory analysis. Results We identified 209 cases (including 28 laboratory-confirmed cases) which occurred from August 29 to September 10. All cases were students, and the average age was 20, 52% were male. The outbreak lasted for 13 days, and peaked on September 5. Consumption of Drinks stall and Rice flour stall on September 1 (RR:3.4, 95%CI:1.5-7.8, and RR:7.6, 95%CI:2.8-20.2), Rice flour stall and Fish meal stall on September 2 (RR:4.0, 95%CI:1.2-13.6, and RR:4.6, 95%CI:1.7-12.5), muslim meal stall on September 4 (RR:2.7, 95%CI:1.3-5.4), Barbeque stall on September 5 (RR:3.0, 95%CI:1.2-7.0) were independently associated with increased risk of disease within the following 2 days. Among 35 specimens of rectal swabs or feces from students, 28 specimens were positive. Norovirus GI.6 alone was detected in 23 specimens, Bacillus cereus alone in 3 specimens and both norovirus GI.6 and Bacillus cereus in 2 specimens. 10 specimens of rectal swabs from canteen employees were positive for norovirus GI, and 2 specimens were positive for Bacillus cereus. Four retained food specimens were positive for Bacillus cereus, and environmental samples were negative for any viruses or bacteria. Conclusion Our investigation indicated that canteen employees were infected by two pathogens (norovirus and Bacillus cereus) and transmission may have been possible due to unhygienic practices. Student consumption of food or drink at high-risk stalls was determined as the probable cause of the outbreak.
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