Thermally-induced errors originating from machine tool errors have received significant attention recently because high speed and precise machining is now the principal trend in manufacturing processes using CNC machine tools. Since the thermal error model is generally a function of temperature, the thermal error compensation system contains temperature sensors with the same number of temperature variables. The minimization of the number of variables in the thermal error model can affect the economical efficiency and the possibility of unexpected sensor fault in a error compensation system. This paper presents a thermal error model with minimum number of variables using a fuzzy logic strategy. The proposed method using a fuzzy logic strategy does not require any information about the characteristics of the plant contrary to numerical analysis techniques, but the developed thermal error model guarantees good prediction performance. The proposed modeling method can also be applied to any type ofCNC machine tool if a combination of the possible input variables is determined because the error model parameters are only calculated mathematically based on the number of temperature variables.
Background: The reactivation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and BK virus after kidney transplantation is a critical factor that affects donor and graft survival. However, accurate methods for viral reactivation prediction and overall immune status assessment after transplantation remain unavailable. This study aimed to evaluate cellular immunity assays based on the potential for predicting CMV and BK viral reactivation in kidney transplant patients. Methods: Fourteen male and twelve female patients who underwent kidney transplant were enrolled in the study between November 2019 and June 2020 (median age: 58 years [range, 38-68 years]). Whole blood samples were collected before transplantation. QuantiFERON-CMV (Qiagen, Germantown, MD, USA), QuantiFERON-Monitor assay (Qiagen), and lymphocyte subsets (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD56) were used to quantify the cellular immune response. Results: There were no differences between the lymphocyte subsets from patients with and without CMV viremia. However, the levels of T lymphocytes in patients without BK viremia (median CD3+ 71.2%) was higher than those in patients with BK viremia (median CD3+ 62.5%). The interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels (measured using the QuantiFERON-Monitor) in patients with CMV viremia (median, 160.9 IU/mL) and in those without CMV viremia (median, 324 IU/mL) did not differ. Also, the IFN-γ levels in patients with BK viremia (median, 256.5 IU/mL) and in those without BK viremia (median, 231.3 IU/mL) did not differ. The patients with CMV viremia (n=8) exhibited reactivity in the QuantiFERON-CMV assay. The patients with non-reactive QuantiFERON-CMV profile (n=7) results did not show viremia. Conclusions: Immune monitoring and the prediction of reactivation risk after kidney transplantation are critical factors in kidney transplant. The combination of these methods is useful for predicting CMV and BK viral reactivation after solid organ transplantation.
Objectives
To compare quantified human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral load quantified using the cobas HIV-1 test with that obtained using the CAP/CTM HIV-1 and Abbott RealTime HIV-1 tests and evaluate the performance of cobas HIV-1 using the cobas 4800 system.
Methods
Clinical samples (n = 123) were quantitatively analyzed using the CAP/CTM HIV-1, Abbott RealTime HIV-1, and cobas HIV-1 tests, and the precision, linearity, and limit of detection of the cobas HIV-1 test were evaluated.
Results
Comparable results were obtained by both methods: ([log CAP/CTM HIV-1 value] = 0.979 * [log cobas HIV-1 test value] + 0.034) and ([log Abbott RealTime HIV-1 value] = 0.985 * [log cobas HIV-1 test value] + 0.027). cobas HIV-1 test results for 89.4% and 93.5% were within 0.5 log10 IU/mL of the CAP/CTM HIV-1 and Abbott RealTime HIV-1 results, respectively.
Conclusions
The cobas HIV-1 test showed good performance, and its results correlated well with those of other two tests.
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