Adenylyl cyclase 2 (ADCY2), a class B member of adenylyl cyclases, is important in accelerating phosphor-acidification as well as glycogen synthesis and breakdown. Given its distinct role in flesh tenderization after butchering, we cloned and sequenced the ADCY2 gene from Yanbian cattle and assessed its expression in bovine tissues. A 2947 bp nucleotide sequence representing the full-length cDNA of bovine ADCY2 gene was obtained by 5' and 3' remote analysis computations for gene expression. Analyses of the putative protein sequence showed that ADCY2 had high homology among species, except with the non-mammal Oreochromis niloticus. Gene structural domain analyses in humans and rats indicated that the ADCY2 protein had no flaw; only the transmembrane domain was reduced and the CYCc structure domain was shortened. Assessment of ADCY2 expression in bovine tissues by real-time PCR showed that the highest expression was in the testes, followed by the longissimus dorsi, tensor fasciae latae, and latissimus dorsi. These data will serve as a foundation for further insight into the cattle ADCY2 gene.
Background Grafting, an ancient agronomic technique, is an artificial mode of asexual reproduction in plants. Recently, grafting research has gradually shifted from modifying agronomic traits to the study of molecular mechanism. Grafting is an excellent tool to study long-range signaling processes in plants. And the grafting between species will help elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying contrasting differences between different species. Arabidopsis thaliana is a salt-sensitive model glycophyte and Eutrema salsugineum (previously Thellungiella salsuginea , salt cress) is a salt-tolerant model halophyte. Successful grafting of these two model plants will help further study the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance in plants. The aim of this study was to demonstrate two sterile micro-grafting methods for Arabidopsis and salt cress. Results We developed the methods for sterile grafting between A. thaliana and E. salsugineum ; this is the first report on inter-generic grafting between Arabidopsis and Eutrema . The method involves cut-in grafting under sterile conditions. The grafted plant part was placed in half strength Murashige and Skoog medium with 1% agar and 1% sugar, and then cultured vertically with 22 °C/18 °C short-day/night cycles. The plants were then transferred to half strength Hoagland nutrient solution for hydroponics. The reported method is simple and easy to operate. Self-grafted Arabidopsis – Arabidopsis and Eutrema – Eutrema plants were used as controls, which were obtained with an improved hypocotyl-cutting grafting method. Ion contents in grafted plants were detected by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. The results showed that the ion content in salt cress and Arabidopsis changed to different degrees after grafting. Conclusions The inter-species grafting technique described here makes it possible to study hybrid plants between Arabidopsis and Eutrema and will contribute to further understanding of long-distance communications in plants. This technique also provides a reference for improving plant varieties using grafting, such as gardening plants, as well as fruit and vegetable crops.
Let (R, − ) be an arbitrary unital associative superalgebra with superinvolution over a commutative ring k with 2 invertible. The second homology of the generalized periplectic Lie superalgebra pm(R, − ) for m 3 has been completely determined via an explicit construction of its universal central extension. In particular, this second homology is identified with the first Z/2Z-graded dihedral homology of R with certain superinvolution whenever m 5.The super analogue of C. Kassel and J. L. Loday's work was obtained in [3,4]. The isomorphism between the second homology of the Lie superalgebra sl m|n (S) coordinated by a unital associative superalgebra S with m + n 5 and the first Z/2Z-graded cyclic homology HC 1 (S) was established. Recent investigation [2] further gave the identification between the second homology of the ortho-symplectic Lie superalgebra osp m|2n (R, − ) and the first Z/2Z-graded skew-dihedral homology of (R, − ) for (m, n) = (1, 1) or (2, 1), where (R, − ) is a unital associative superalgebra with superinvolution (see (2.1) for the definition). A series of deep investigations on the relationship between the homology theory of Lie algebras and the homology theory of associative algebras have been made in [12,13].Inspired by the above developments, we aim to establish an isomorphism that is analogous to C. Kassel and J. L. Loday's isomorphism for the generalized periplectic Lie superalgebra p m (R, − ) coordinatized by a unital associative superalgebra (R, − ) with superinvolution. As in Section 2, a generalized periplectic Lie superalgebra is defined as the derived sub-superalgebra of the Lie superalgebra of all skew-symmetric matrices with respect to the so-called periplectic superinvolution. It is a super analogue of a unitary Lie algebra introduced in [1]. This family of Lie superalgebras provides us with a realization of an arbitrary generalized root graded Lie superalgebra of type P (m − 1) for m = 4 up to central isogeny (cf.[5]), which is a complement to the realization of a root graded Lie superalgebra of type P (m − 1) given in [14].A primary result of this paper is Theorem 5.5 which states that the second homology of the Lie superalgebra p m (R, − ) with m 5 is isomorphic to the first Z/2Z-graded dihedral homology of (R, − • ρ), where − • ρ is the superinvolution on R obtained by twisting the superinvolution − with the sign map ρ (see (2.2) in Section 2). In the special case where R is super-commutative, the isomorphism indicates that the second homology of p m (k) ⊗ k R for a super-commutative superalgebra R is trivial, which was obtained by K. Iohara and Y. Koga in [7,8]. While the isomorphism also reveals that the second homology of p m (R, − ) is not necessarily trivial if R is not super-commutative.The methods used in this paper unsurprisingly involve an explicit construction of the universal central extension of p m (R, − ), which will be achieved via introducing the notion of the Steinberg periplectic Lie superalgebra stp m (R, − ) in Section 3.The isomorphism between the second ho...
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