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Strong metal–support interactions involving electron and oxygen transfer in Pd/C (no leaching but less active) and Pd/CeO2 (active but leaching) catalysts determine their catalytic performance in the catalytic wet air oxidation of amide. To control these two types of interactions, the triple-layer structure Pd/CeO2/C, where Pd is predominantly located on CeO2 and CeO2 on a C support, was designed and prepared. As a result, the electrons could be transferred from carbon to Pd via CeO2 for excellent leaching resistance, while oxygen was transferred from CeO2 to Pd for high oxidation activity. In addition, both of these interactions could be easily adjusted by changing the amount of CeO2.

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The presence of oxygen vacancies can promote the formation of active oxygen species, which is essential for phenol oxidation.

Mg(OH)2‐ and Mg(OH)2‐containing materials can provide excellent performance as supports for AuPd nanoparticles for the oxidation of glycerol in the absence of base, which is considered to be a result of additional basic sites on the surface of the support. However, its influence on the reaction solution is not generally discussed. In this paper, we examine the relationship between the basic Mg(OH)2 support and AuPd nanoparticles in detail using four types of catalyst. For these reactions, the physical interaction between Mg(OH)2 and AuPd was adjusted. It was found that the activity of the AuPd nanoparticles increased with the amount of Mg(OH)2 added under base‐free conditions, regardless of its interaction with the noble metals. In order to investigate how Mg(OH)2 affected the glycerol oxidation, detailed information about the performance of AuPd/Mg(OH)2, physically mixed (AuPd/C+Mg(OH)2) and (AuPd/C+NaHCO3) was obtained and compared. Furthermore, NaOH and Mg(OH)2 were added during the reaction using AuPd/C. All these results indicate that the distinctive and outstanding performance of Mg(OH)2 supported catalysts in base‐free condition is in fact directly related to its ability to affect the pH during the reaction and as such, assists with the initial activation of the primary alcohol, which is considered to be the rate determining step in the reaction.

The latest research and development in hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) processes are reviewed and the feasibility of application to small towns in the UK is assessed.

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