The chemical composition of the Tamarix boveana volatile oils obtained from the whole aerial part, flowers, leaves and stems by steam distillation was analysed using gas chromatograph (GC)-flame ionization detectors (FID) and GC-MS. Sixty-two components were identified. Hexadecanoic acid (18.14%), docosane (13.34%), germacrene D (7.68%), fenchyl acetate (7.34%), Benzyl benzoate (4.11%) were found to be the major components in the whole aerial parts. This composition differed according to the tested part: 2.4 Nonadienal was the main compound in the flowers (12.13%) while germacrene D was the major component in leaves (31.43%) and hexadecanoic acid in the stems (13.94%). To evaluate in vitro antimicrobial activity, all volatile oils were tested against six Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and four fungi. The T. boveana volatile oils exhibited an interesting antibacterial activity against all strains tested except Pseudomonas aeruginosa but no antifungal activity was detected.

The chemical composition of the volatile fractions obtained by steam distillation from the capitula (C) and the aerial parts of Rhaponticum acaule DC were analysed by GC-MS. From the 57 identified constituents, representing 95.5% and 96.3% of the two oils, respectively, methyl eugenol, epi-13 manool, beta-ionone, beta-bisabolol, 1-octadecanol, phytol and farnesyl acetate were found to be the main components. Furthermore, the oils were tested against six Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and four phytopathogenic fungi. It was found that oils from both parts of R. acaule, and especially that of C, exhibited interesting antibacterial activity, but no antifungal activity was observed.

The new norisoprenoid 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha,6alpha-epoxy-beta-ionone-2alpha-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside (1) and the long-chain hydroxy fatty acids 9,12,13-trihydroxyoctadeca-10(E),15(Z)-dienoic acid (2) and 9,12,13-trihydroxyoctadeca-10(E)-dienoic acid (3) were isolated from Salsola tetrandra aerial parts, together with 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside (4), 9-hydroxylinaloyl glucoside (5), taxiphyllin (6), trans-N-feruloyltyramine (7), and S-(-)-trans-N-feruloyloctopamine (8). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods. Compounds 6 and 8 displayed mild antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, whereas compound 6 showed the highest activity in the Artemia salina bioassay.

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The chemical composition of the volatile constituents from the flowering parts of Suaeda fructicosa and Limonium echioides were analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Sixty-five compounds were identified in L. echioides aerial parts. 48 out of 65 were found common to the aerial part of S. fructicosa. Palmitic acid was found as a predominant compound in both tested halophytic oils. Furthermore, the essential oil was tested against six bacteria and four fungi at different concentrations. Both oils, tested at 0.5 and 0.8 mg ml -1 , inhibited the visible growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, but no antibacterial effect was detected against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Additionally, both halophytic oils failed to show antifungal activity against all the test fungi when applied at 80, 200 and 500 lg/disc.

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The chemical composition of chloroformic, ethyl acetate, butanolic, and methanolic extracts isolated from the fungus Gliocladium sp. using different solvents of increasing polarity was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of extracts was tested against five Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria and four pathogenic fungi. The tested extracts exhibited an interesting antibacterial activity against all bacteria tested, even against Gramnegative bacteria presenting frequently a higher resistance and against all fungi except Candida albicans.

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