Background: Bacterial antibiotic resistance (AR) is a primary public health concern. In 2017, the Saudi National Action Plan (SNAP) implemented several strategies to overcome AR. Here, to better understand the effectiveness of that plan, we evaluated the rates of AR, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) positivity, and multi-drug resistance (MDR) among gram-negative bacteria in a private Saudi hospital. Methods: This retrospective study included all patients with a confirmed diagnosis of gramnegative bacterial infection from January 2017 to December 2019. Identification of bacterial strains was performed using VITEK 2 ID-GNB cards, while AR, ESBL, and MDR were determined using AST-No. 12 cards, both used as recommended by the manufacturer. Cards were loaded into a VITEK 2 system for examination. Results: A total of 4760 isolated gram-negative bacteria were collected. The most isolated organism was Escherichia coli, with 2585/4760 (54.30%) strains, and the least was Providencia stuartii, with 55/4760 (1.16%) strains. A total of 1328/4760 (27.90%) clinical isolates were ESBL-positive, and 851/4760 (17.88%) possessed MDR. Escherichia coli was also the most frequently isolated as having ESBL activity and MDR, with 772/1328 (58.13%) and 292/851 (34.31%) isolates, respectively. Between 2017 and 2019, the rates of ESBL and MDR were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) for most bacteria, except for Salmonella species, which showed increased resistance to antibiotics. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that the rates of AR, ESBL, and MDR reduced over time, which suggests the SNAP is effective at overcoming AR risk.
Background: A new ailment, Epstein-Barr virus-positive mucocutaneous ulcer recognized as a B cell lymphoproliferative disorder caused by latent EBV infection that causes distinct ulcerations on the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There are a number of factors that predispose to this condition, among which are iatrogenic immunosuppressive medications, primary immunodeficiency, or the effects of aging. Case presentation: 58-year-old rheumatoid arthritis patient present with pain in the hard palate, palatal demarcated ulceration with raised edges near the right upper premolar, hypertrophic gums, and hypertrophy of the gums. Following he had been diagnosed with EBVMCU on the basis of pathological finding of biopsies that displayed with a surface ulceration of polymorphic lymphoid infiltrate in the submucosa that contained large, atypical cells. Conclusion: Diagnosis confirmed as histologic sections show a biopsy of squamous epithelium with an atypical lymphoid infiltrate filling the submucosa. In situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr virus encoded RNA (EBER) demonstrated positive results in large cells atypical cells. This condition has been described in immunocompromised patients recently, and an understanding of its etiology is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.