Colorectal cancer (CRC) displays a predilection for metastasis to liver. Although stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXCR4 plays an important role in the liver metastasis, the molecular mechanism still remains obscure. We previously reported that integrin αvβ6 was implicated in the progression of CRC. However, no data are currently available on the cross talk between CXCR4 and αvβ6. In the present study, we first demonstrated the cross talk between CXCR4 and αvβ6 and their role in liver metastasis of CRC. We analyzed 159 human CRC samples and found that expression of CXCR4 and αvβ6 was significantly associated with liver metastasis, and interestingly expression of αvβ6 significantly correlated with expression of CXCR4. Both CXCR4 and αvβ6 were highly expressed in metastatic CRC cell lines HT-29 and WiDr, whereas both of them were exiguous in non-metastatic cell line Caco-2. Furthermore, inhibition of αvβ6 significantly decreased SDF-1α-induced cell migration in vitro. SDF-1/CXCR4 could upregulate αvβ6 expression through phosphorylation of ERK and activation of Ets-1 transcription factor. In conclusion, we demonstrate that SDF-1/CXCR4 induces directional migration and liver metastasis of CRC cells by upregulating αvβ6 through ERK/Ets-1 pathway. These data support combined inhibition of CXCR4 and αvβ6 to prevent development of liver metastasis of CRC.

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Purpose: Adjuvant chemotherapy is one of the significant treatments for colon cancer in clinic. However, it does not achieve the desired therapeutic efficacy, largely due to chemotherapeutic resistance. Integrinb6 (ITGB6) is expressed in malignant colonic epithelia, but not in normal epithelia, and is associated with the progression, metastasis, and chemotherapeutic resistance of colon cancer. Accordingly, it is necessary to design therapeutic approaches for efficient and targeted drug delivery into ITGB6-positive cancer cells to improve chemotherapeutic efficacy in colon cancer.Experimental Design: PEGylated liposomes were employed to design ITGB6-targeted immunoliposomes, which have ITGB6 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) conjugated. We evaluated the ITGB6-targeted immunoliposomes internalization into colon cancer cells and examined 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced cellular apoptosis produced by ITGB6-targeted immunoliposomesþ5-FU. In addition, the biodistribution and antitumor efficiency of ITGB6-targeted immunoliposomes were observed in vivo.Results: ITGB6-targeted immunoliposomes enhanced cellular internalization in ITGB6-positive colon cancer cells compared with liposomes. Furthermore, the ITGB6-targeted immunoliposome internalization was dependent on the ITGB6 expression level on cellular surface. ITGB6-targeted immunoliposomes decreased the 5-FU IC 50 more than 90% in HT-29 and SW480b6 cells relative to liposomes. Moreover, when loaded with 5-FU, ITGB6-targeted immunoliposomes produced an approximately 1.5-fold higher 5-FU-induced cellular apoptosis rate than liposomes. In vivo, the therapeutic activity of ITGB6-targeted immunoliposomesþ5-FU was significantly superior, resulting in 25% to 35% reduction of tumor weight compared with 5-FU or liposomesþ5-FU.Conclusions: ITGB6-targeted immunoliposomes provide a highly efficient approach for targeted drug delivery in colon cancer and thus offer the potential of a novel and promising anticancer strategy for clinical therapy.

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The reaction mechanisms for the MTO-catalyzed deoxygenation of epoxides and diols were investigated with the aid of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The DFT results indicate that the reaction starts with a [2σ+2π] addition of epoxide to MTO to give a five-membered-ring rhena-2,5-dioxolane intermediate, followed by H2 addition, proton transfer, and extrusion of olefin to regenerate the catalyst. The experimental observation for formation and subsequent disappearance of diol appearing in the catalytic reaction is explained as follows. Diol was produced by the hydrolysis of epoxide with the coproduct water through the five-membered-ring rhena-2,5-dioxolane intermediate. Then the diol produced undergoes catalytic conversion to olefin by reacting with H2 under the catalytic conditions.

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