Photodetectors built from conventional bulk materials such as silicon, III-V or II-VI compound semiconductors are one of the most ubiquitous types of technology in use today. The past decade has witnessed a dramatic increase in interest in emerging photodetectors based on perovskite materials driven by the growing demands for uncooled, low-cost, lightweight, and even flexible photodetection technology. Though perovskite has good electrical and optical properties, perovskite-based photodetectors always suffer from nonideal quantum efficiency and high-power consumption. Joint manipulation of electrons and photons in perovskite photodetectors is a promising strategy to improve detection efficiency. In this review, electrical and optical characteristics of typical types of perovskite photodetectors are first summarized. Electrical manipulations of electrons in perovskite photodetectors are discussed. Then, artificial photonic nanostructures for photon manipulations are detailed to improve light absorption efficiency. By reviewing the manipulation of electrons and photons in perovskite photodetectors, this review aims to provide strategies to achieve high-performance photodetectors.

Organic diradicaloids have unique open-shell structures and properties and promising applications in organic electronics and spintronics. Incorporation of heteroatoms is an effective strategy to alter the electronic structures of organic diradicaloids. However, B-containing organic diradicaloids are very challenging due to their high reactivities, which are caused by not only diradical nature but also the B atom. In this article, we report a new kind of organic diradicaloids containing boron atoms. Our strategy is to incorporate planarized triarylboranes to antiaromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons (PHs). We synthesized two isomeric B-containing PHs composed of indenofluorene π-skeletons and two dioxa-bridged triphenylborane moieties. As proved by theoretical and experimental results, both of them have excellent ambient stability and open-shell singlet diradical structures, as well as intriguing magnetic and optoelectronic properties, such as thermally accessible triplet species, reversible multiredox ability, and narrow energy gaps. Notably, they possess sufficient Lewis acidity, which has never been observed for organic diradicaloids. In addition, they can coordinate with Lewis bases to form Lewis adducts, achieving unprecedented dynamic modulations of (anti)­aromaticity and thus diradical character of organic diradicaloids.

Heterocyclic diradicaloids with atom‐precise control over open‐shell nature are promising materials for organic electronics and spintronics. Herein, we disclose quinoidal π‐extension of a B/N‐heterocycle for generating B/N‐type organic diradicaloids. Two quinoidal π‐extended B/N‐doped polycyclic hydrocarbons that feature fusion of the B/N‐heterocycle motif with the antiaromatic s‐indacene or dicyclopenta[b,g]naphthalene core were synthesized. This quinoidal π‐extension and B/N‐heterocycle leads to their open‐shell electronic nature, which stands in contrast to the multiple‐resonance effect of conventional B/N‐type emitters. These B/N‐type diradicaloids have modulated (anti)aromaticity and enhanced diradical characters comparing with the all‐carbon analogues, as well as intriguing properties, such as magnetic activities, narrow energy gaps and highly red‐shifted absorptions. This study thus opens the new space for both of B/N‐doped polycyclic π‐systems and heterocyclic diradicaloids.

This review focuses on the existing strategies and underlying mechanisms, and discusses future directions in epitaxial substrate engineering to deliver wafer-scale 2D materials for integrated electronics and photonics.