Abstract-Whenever an electrical machine is meant to be fed by a power converter, the design should be approached as a system optimization, more than a simple machine sizing. A great variety of electrical machines is available to accomplish this goal, and the task of comparing the different options can be very difficult. A general purpose sizing equation, easily adjustable for every topology, that could take into account different waveforms and machine characteristics, would be a very desirable tool. In this paper, a general approach is presented to develop and to discuss such an equation. Sample applications of the sizing and power density equations are utilized to compare the induction machine and the doubly salient permanent magnet (DSPM) machine.

A considerable body of evidence collected on silver-sheathed (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ  (Bi-2223/Ag) composite conductors heat treated without any additional rolling or pressing (beyond fabrication of the initial composite) has revealed that significant texturing of the Bi-2223 grains occurs as the Bi-2223 formation reaction takes place. During heat treatment, Bi-2223 is produced via a reaction between Bi-2212 and second phases in the core of the composite. As the Bi-2223 forms, it develops texture by what appears to be a grain growth mechanism. These concurrent processes ultimately result in a well-textured, single-phase conductor even when no additional rolling or pressing is done to the initial composite. This observation raises important questions about the relative contributions of the heat treatment and deformation steps to texture development during conventional oxide-powder-in-tube processing of Bi-2223/Ag composite conductors.

The composition and microstructural evolution of nonsuperconducting phases during the course of formation of (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox (Bi-2223) in a silver sheath have been investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and digital image analysis. Wire samples fabricated by the oxide-powder-in-tube technique were heat-treated under a variety of conditions (time, temperature, and oxygen pressure). Backscattered images taken on polished but unetched transverse cross sections were subjected to computerized image processing, which allowed determination of the stoichiometry and quantification of microstructural characteristics (such as area fraction, size distribution, position, and orientation) of each nonsuperconducting particle. The dominant nonsuperconducting phases observed by SEM/EDX were CuO, (Ca,Sr)2CuO3 (2/1), and (Ca, Sr)14Cu24O41 (14/24) in amounts that varied depending on the annealing temperature, time, and oxygen partial pressure. Time evolution studies performed at 825 °C in 0.075 atm O2 showed that the area fraction of 2/1 decreased with reaction time, while that for 14/24 increased. In all cases, a substantial amount (>10% area fraction) of nonsuperconducting phases was detected even after all the Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy (Bi-2212) in the as-rolled composite conductor was fully converted to Bi-2223, as determined by XRD. High aspect ratio nonsuperconducting particles were initially randomly oriented in the composite conductor core but gradually aligned parallel to the silver/(Bi,Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O interface after extended annealing. They tended to segregate and exhibited a much broader size distribution when processing was carried out at temperatures and oxygen partial pressures on the high end of the normal processing range, most likely as a result of the occurrence of partial melting in the system.

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Cross-section transmission electron microscopy was used to investigate the interaction of silver with (Bi,Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O phases during the formation of (Bi2−xPbx)Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ (Bi-2223) in a silver-sheathed wire containing a powder composed of (Bi,Pb)2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (Bi-2212) plus second phases. Observations of the interfacial regions of samples quenched at different stages of conversion revealed that (1) Bi-2212 is initially in direct contact with silver, with the (001) planes parallel to the interface; (2) an amorphous layer between Bi-2212 and silver appears during the induction period that precedes the conversion reaction; and (3) Bi-2223 is detected at the silver/powder interface hundreds of minutes before it begins to appear in regions of the powder away from the interface. The implications of these results are presented and discussed.

Abstract-Existing view-invariant gait recognition methods encounter difficulties due to limited number of available gait views and varying conditions during training. This paper proposes gait partial similarity matching that assumes a 3-dimensional (3D) object shares common view surfaces in significantly different views. Detecting such surfaces aids the extraction of gait features from multiple views. 3D parametric body models are morphed by pose and shape deformation from a template model using 2-dimensional (2D) gait silhouette as observation. The gait pose is estimated by a level set energy cost function from silhouettes including incomplete ones. Body shape deformation is achieved via Laplacian deformation energy function associated with inpainting gait silhouettes. Partial gait silhouettes in different views are extracted by gait partial region of interest elements selection and re-projected onto 2D space to construct partial gait energy images. A synthetic database with destination views and multi-linear subspace classifier fused with majority voting are used to achieve arbitrary view gait recognition that is robust to varying conditions. Experimental results on CMU, CASIA B, TUM-IITKGP, AVAMVG and KY4D and datasets shows the efficacy of the propose method.Index Terms-gait; person identification; 3D gait model; partial similarity matching.

Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. Abstract: This paper proposes an arbitrary view gait recognition method where the gait recognition is performed in 1 3-dimensional (3D) to be robust to variation in speed, inclined plane and clothing, and in the presence of a carried 2 item. 3D parametric gait models in a gait period are reconstructed by an optimized 3D human pose, shape and 3 simulated clothes estimation method using multiview gait silhouettes. The gait estimation involves morphing a new 4 subject with constant semantic constraints using silhouette cost function as observations. Using a clothes-independent 5 3D parametric gait model reconstruction method, gait models of different subjects with various postures in a cycle are 6 obtained and used as galleries to construct 3D gait dictionary. Using a carrying-items posture synthesized model, 7virtual gait models with different carrying-items postures are synthesized to further construct an over-complete 3D 8 gait dictionary. A self-occlusion optimized simultaneous sparse representation model is also introduced to achieve 9 high robustness in limited gait frames. Experimental analyses on CASIA B dataset and CMU MoBo dataset show a 10 significant performance gain in terms of accuracy and robustness. 11

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