Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a common and aggressive subtype of renal cancer. Here we conduct a comprehensive proteogenomic analysis of 232 tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissue pairs from Chinese ccRCC patients. By comparing with tumor adjacent tissues, we find that ccRCC shows extensive metabolic dysregulation and an enhanced immune response. Molecular subtyping classifies ccRCC tumors into three subtypes (GP1–3), among which the most aggressive GP1 exhibits the strongest immune phenotype, increased metastasis, and metabolic imbalance, linking the multi-omics-derived phenotypes to clinical outcomes of ccRCC. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), a one-carbon metabolic enzyme, is identified as a potential marker of ccRCC and a drug target for GP1. We demonstrate that NNMT induces DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) homocysteinylation, increases DNA repair, and promotes ccRCC tumor growth. This study provides insights into the biological underpinnings and prognosis assessment of ccRCC, revealing targetable metabolic vulnerabilities.
Innovations of transistors toward miniaturization and integration aggravate heat accumulation of central processing units (CPUs). Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are critical to remove the generated heat and to guarantee the device reliability. Herein, maltose-assisted mechanochemical exfoliation was proposed to prepare maltose-g-graphene as a structural motif of TIMs. Then, maltose-g-graphene/gelatin composite films with a bilayer structure were prepared by two-step vacuum filtration to construct effective thermally conductive pathways consisting of the directionally arranged and tightly packed maltose-g-graphene. The bilayer composite film exhibited a remarkable in-plane thermal conductivity (30.8 W m −1 K −1 ) and strong anisotropic ratio (∼8325%) at 40 wt % maltose-g-graphene addition. More intriguingly, the cooling effect on CPUs was significantly better for the bilayer composite films than commercial thermal pads as TIMs. The outstanding thermally conductive stability in resistance to instantaneous and prolonged thermal shocks as well as fatigue stability was gathered. Our work offers a valuable reference to design and fabricate highperformance TIMs for CPU cooling to surmount harsh application scenarios.
Highly crosslinked ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) stabilized by vitamin E (VE) is widely applied in artificial joints as the bearings. Despite the approval, there is a discord that VE lowers the crosslinking efficiency, limiting its use at high concentration. In this work, we aim to obtain highly crosslinked and oxidation resistant UHMWPE through the conjunction of tea polyphenol and chemical crosslinking. We hypothesized that highly incorporated tea polyphenol with multiple reactive sites can ameliorate crosslinking efficiency of chemical crosslinked UHMWPE in comparison to VE. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) as representative tea polyphenol was incorporated into UHMWPE at high concentration (2–8 wt%), followed by chemical crosslinking with 2 wt% organic peroxide. Unlike VE/UHMWPE blends as the control, chemical crosslinking achieved an increasing trend in crosslink density of EGCG/UHMWPE blends with increasing antioxidant concentration. High concentration of EGCG also enhanced the oxidation stability of UHMWPE. Intriguingly, EGCG endowed UHMWPE with an excellent antimicrobial property, which was inefficient in VE/UHMWPE. Cell viability was hardly affected by the high loaded antioxidant and peroxide. The chemically crosslinked UHMWPE blended with EGCG is proved to be a reasonable, cost effective and realistic alternative for use in artificial joints.
Phytoplankton diversity is closely related to environmental variables and has been widely used in ecological health assessment of rivers and lakes. Combining advantages of DNA‐based identification and high‐throughput sequencing technology, environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding permits a new measurement for biodiversity monitoring in aquatic ecosystems. However, it had rarely been used to explore the variability and similarity of phytoplankton diversity between lake and its inflow rivers and the effects of environmental variables on phytoplankton. This study utilized eDNA metabarcoding to investigate the spatial distribution of phytoplankton and the impacts of environmental variables on the phytoplankton diversity in Dianchi Lake (one of the most polluted urban lakes in China) and its main inflow rivers (Panlong River, Baoxiang River, and Chai River). A total of 243 distinct phytoplankton taxa were detected, covering 9 phyla, 30 classes, 84 orders, and 132 families, and the taxonomic richness of rivers was higher than that of Dianchi Lake. Distinct biodiversity patterns (e.g., community structure, dominant taxon, ɑ‐diversity) were exhibited among Dianchi Lake and its three inflow rivers, but similar biodiversity patterns were also observed in Dianchi Lake and the estuarine sites. The patterns of phytoplankton diversity were closely related to environmental variables, which were associated with pollution sources from different anthropogenic activities (e.g., urbanization, water diversion, industrial and agricultural activities). The primary environmental variables correlated with phytoplankton diversity varied in different habitats. The total phosphorus (TP) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) positively correlated with the phytoplankton community structures in Dianchi Lake, whereas negatively correlated in Panlong River and Baoxiang River. The total nitrogen (TN) positively correlated with the phytoplankton community structures in Baoxiang River and Chai River but negatively correlated in Dianchi Lake. Overall, this study provides insights on the phytoplankton diversity monitoring and the conservation of its diversity and healthy management of Dianchi Lake.
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