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Interleukin (IL)-5 is thought to play an important role in asthmatic bronchial mucosal inflammation and is a potential therapeutic target. To investigate the effect of IL-5 on the infiltration of eosinophils in airway in vivo, we compared eosinophil counts and their activation status in airways without and after the topical instillation of recombinant human IL-5. Eight subjects with mild atopic asthma underwent initial bronchoscopy during which control bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid as well as bronchial mucosa were obtained, and at the same time, normal saline and IL-5 were administered to two sublobar segments separately. The second bronchoscopy were carried out and samples from challenged sites were taken 24 h later. It was found that the total eosinophils (BMK-13+ cells) and the activated eosinophils (EG2+ cells) in bronchial mucosa, the eosinophil numbers in BAL fluid, as well as eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in BAL fluid from saline-challenged segments were not different from those in unchallenged segments. However, a significant eosinophilia was observed in bronchial mucosa and BAL fluid from IL-5-challenged sites. Eosinophil activation, as assessed by secretion of ECP, was also increased significantly in bronchial mucosa and BAL fluid. The results strongly suggested that IL-5 is capable of inducing eosinophil infiltration into the asthmatic airways, as well as the activation of infiltrating eosinophils.

Abstract.A numerical investigation of a bluff-body stabilised nonpremixed flame, and the corresponding nonreacting flow, has been performed with differential Reynolds-stress models (DRSMs). The equilibrium chemistry model is employed and an assumed-shape beta function PDF approach is used to represent the interaction between turbulence and chemistry. The Reynolds flux of the mixture fraction is obtained from a transport equation, hence a full second moment closure is used. To clarify the applicability of the existing DRSMs in this complex flame, several models, including LRR-IP model, JM model, SSG model as well as a modified LRR-IP model, have been applied and evaluated. The existing models, with default values of the coefficients, cannot provide overall satisfactory predictions for this challenging test case. The standard LRR-IP model over predicts the centreline velocity decay rate, and therefore does not perform satisfactory. The modified LRR-IP model, with model constant C 1 = 1.6 instead of the standard value 1.44 (here named BM-M1), gives better results for the mean velocity. However in the nonreacting case this does not lead to improvement in predicting rms fluctuating velocities especially downstream of the recirculation zone. Motivated by the need to improve the prediction, a new modification of the LRR-IP model is proposed (BM-M2), with model constant C 2 = 0.7 in the pressure strain correlation rather than the standard value 0.6. With the new modified model, a very significant improvement of the prediction of flow field is obtained in the nonreacting case, whereas in the reacting case the prediction of the flow field is of the same overall quality as with BM-M1. This shows that some DRSMs have different behaviour in the nonreacting case and the reacting case. In the reacting case also the mean and variance of mixture fraction are considered and it is found that the best results are obtained with the BM-M1 model, with SSG as second best. Combining the results for flow field and mixture fraction field it is concluded that the BM-M1 model is recommended for further studies of this bluff-body stabilised flame. Grid independence of the result is demonstrated.

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Many existing risk assessment methodologies heavily rely on complex physical models and probabilistic concepts, which are difficult to use and not suitable for a first-cut analysis. Meanwhile, most groundwater pollution risk assessment indices generally are solely based on groundwater vulnerability and ignore the consideration of the hazard of pollution source. In this paper, we developed a simple groundwater pollution risk index approach, which can be easily utilized in many developing countries. The approach is developed according to vulnerability of the aquifers and pollution source index, which is based on landfill treatment technology. Applications of this risk index approach to 22 formal landfill sites in Beijing show that 1, 2, 4, 10, 5 landfill sites can be classified as of high, medium high, medium, medium low, low risk level respectively. These results demonstrate that vulnerability assessment alone is not sufficient to groundwater pollution risk assessment. This simple risk assessment method is most suitable for a comparative assessment of a large number of pollution sources at a regional scale due to its lower cost and easy operability. It also allows prioritizes landfills for reclamation interventions and recommendation of required actions such that an efficient management of landfills could be accomplished.