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Objectives: This study aims to examine underlying difficulties of children with articulation/ phonological disorders in their speech process by comparing the quality of phonological representations (QPR) and the ability to encode phonological representations to that of normal children. Methods: A phonological representation judgment task and a non-word repetition task were conducted in order to compare QPR and their encoding ability in phonological representations, respectively. With regard to the task of judgment in phonological representations, the scores of correct responses and reaction times were examined. Regarding the non-word repetition task, the differences in the degree of repeated accuracy and the percentage of error types were analyzed. Then, the correlation between the two tasks was analyzed for each group. Results: In the phonological representations judgment task, there were significant differences between the groups according to correct response scores but there were no significant differences between the groups in reaction time. In the task of non-word repetition, the degree of repetition accuracy for children with articulation/ phonological disorders was significantly low as compared to that of normal children. However, there were no significant differences in the percentage of error types between the two groups. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the two tasks of both groups. Conclusion: The children with articulation/phonological disorders had less distinct and less accurate QPR than normal children, and the former's ability to encode phonological representations were lower than the latter's ability quantitatively but not qualitatively.

The present study is aimed an electropalatographic investigation of Korean fricatives /s/ and /s*/. All data from this study is based on the production of 5-adult speakers who speak Korean as their first language. Methods: Electropalatography (EPG) is an instrumental technique for showing tongue and palate contact during speech. The participants recorded

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Objectives:The purpose of this study was to compare phonological short-term and working memory processes in children with speech sound disorders (SSD) and their typically developing (TD) peers. Additionally, the study aimed to explore the relationship among two memory functions, articulation and vocabulary abilities. Methods: Forty 5-and 6-yearold children enrolled: 20 children with SSD and 20 TD children. Children participated in three memory tasks, digit span forward, digit span backward, and nonword repetition. Results: In all tasks, significant differences were observed between SSD and TD groups, and between the 5-and 6-year-old age groups. According to task type and number of syllables, the performances of SSD and TD children were different in experimental tasks. Moreover, when the age was included as an independent variable of digit span tasks, another aspect of the differences between the groups was observed. In addition, the task performances were not correlated with the percentage of consonants correct, but instead showed a significant correlation with the receptive and expressive vocabulary in SSD and TD children. Conclusion: Phonological memory, especially phonological working memory, was weaker in SSD children in comparison to TD children. These results suggest that profound difficulties in phonological working memory are linked to persistent speech sound disorders. The theoretical and clinical implications are discussed about phonological memory and vocabulary acquisition in SSD children. 원인모르는 말소리장애(speech sound disorder with unknown origin)는 근본적인 원인이 아직 명확하게 밝혀지지 않은 모든 말소 리장애에 대해 광범위하게 사용되는 용어이다. 결함을 초래한 일차 적 원인을 밝히는 것은 매우 요원한 일인 만큼, 이에 대한 대안책으 로 말소리장애와 관련 있는 기저 요인들(underlying factors)에 관 한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 그 가운데 말소리산출의 가장 기 저 단계라고 할 수 있는 음운표상에 관한 연구들도 다수 찾아볼 수 있다.

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Objectives: This paper describes the development of the Internal Awareness of Phonological Representation (IAPR) task. This task was designed to assess a child's ability to be aware of sounds and manipulate them silently within their own stored representations while minimizing the impact of any output difficulties. The purpose of this study is to examine the underlying difficulties in phonological awareness of children with speech sound disorders (SSD) by comparing their performance on the IAPR task with typically developing children. Methods: We compared the correct response scores and reaction time on the IAPR task between a SSD group and a typically developing group of children. The correlations among the IAPR task, phonological awareness task, and phonological representation judgment task were then analyzed. Results: In the IAPR task, there were significant differences between the groups according to both correct response scores and reaction time. And there were positive correlations among the IAPR task, phonological awareness task, and phonological representations judgment task. Conclusion: The IAPR task can provide more information on both the accuracy and specificity of underlying phonological representations and phonological awareness ability. The results of the present study suggest the possibility that children with SSD have difficulties in the activation and operation of phonological representation and that this is one of the underlying factors of SSD.

Owing to the development of medical technology, devices to assess resonance (hypernasality and hyponasality) which result from conditions such as cleft palate and brain injury are being studied. In general, nasometric instruments are used to support clinical judgments of these disorders. For conventional separation-type nasometric instruments, there is an acoustic feedback effect between oral and nasal sounds. Recently, a mask-type nasometric instrument was developed for acoustic feedback insensitivity, but it has not yet been popularized. In this study, we analyzed the acoustic characteristics of the mask-type structure according to existing nasometric instruments. We evaluated the acoustic collection characteristics of the structure through the lumped-element model with an electromechanical-equivalent circuit. The analysis confirmed that the optimum area of the acoustic hole was obtained and a closed-type mask structure could be designed. In addition, we obtained voice data from a healthy control group and examined significant differences in the structure of the separation-type and mask-type nasometric instruments. Consequently, we confirmed a significant difference in nasalance according to the acoustic collection structure of the nasometric instruments.