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BackgroundMexico is an important global reservoir of biological and cultural richness and traditional knowledge of wild mushrooms. However, there is a high risk of loss of this knowledge due to the erosion of traditional human cultures which is related with the rapid acculturation linked to high migration of rural populations to cities and the U.S.A., and the loss of natural ecosystems. The Mixtec people, the third largest native group in Mexico only after the Nahua and the Maya, maintain ancient traditions in the use and knowledge of wild mushrooms. Paradoxically, there are few studies of the Mixtec ethnomycology. This study shows our ethnomycological research, mainly focused on knowledge and use of wild mushrooms in communities of the Mixteca Alta, in southeastern Mexico. We hypothesized that among the studied communities those with a combination of higher vegetation cover of natural pine and oak forests, lower soil erosion and higher economic margination had a greater richness and knowledge of wild mushrooms. Our study therefore aimed to record traditional knowledge, use, nomenclature and classification of wild mushrooms in four Mixtec communities and to analyze how these aspects vary according to environmental and cultural conditions among the studied communities.MethodsIn order to analyze the cultural significance of wild mushrooms for the Mixtec people, 116 non-structured and semi-structured interviews were performed from 2009 to 2014. Information about the identified species, particularly the regional nomenclature and classification, their edibility, toxicity and ludic uses, the habitat of useful mushrooms, traditional recipes and criteria to differentiate between toxic and edible species, and mechanisms of knowledge transmission were studied. The research had the important particularity that the first author is Mixtec, native of the study area. A comparative qualitative analysis between the richness of fungal species used locally and the official information of the natural vegetation cover, soil erosion and economic marginalization in each of the studied communities was conducted.ResultsA total of 106 species of mushrooms were identified growing in pine and oak forest, deciduous tropical forest and grassland; among the identified mushrooms we recorded 26 species locally consumed, 18 considered toxic, 6 having ludic uses and the remaining 56 species not being used in the studied areas but some of them having potential as food (56 species) or medicine (28 species). We recorded that 80, 22 and 4 species are ectomycorrhizal, saprotrophic and parasites, respectively. Our study shows that a complex and accurate knowledge related with the use, nomenclature, classification, ecology, gastronomy of wild mushrooms has been developed by Mixtecs; and that there is a relation between natural vegetation cover, lower soil erosion and higher economic marginalization and richness, knowledge and use of mushrooms in the studied communites.ConclusionOur study showed that conservation and adaptation of ancestral mycological kn...

The effect of natural and artificial seed ageing has been compared in terms of physiological and biochemical responses of several maize genotypes. The physiological parameters were: viability, germinability, emergence in sand and dry matter accumulation. The biochemical parameters were: DNA synthesis and DNA polymerase activity. A close and direct relationship was found between seed deterioration and DNA metabolism in all maize materials which responded to ageing according to their genetic constitution; i.e., vigorous genotypes suffered less severe damage or recovery was faster than in the low-vigour genotypes. Coordination of events at appropriate times would seem a critical factor for proper seed germination.

Vocablos relacionados con el recurso micológico en el idioma de la cultura chinanteca de la Sierra Norte del estado de Oaxaca, México Vocabulary related to the mycological resource in the Chinantec culture from the Northern Mountain Range of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico Antecedentes: El uso de los hongos se remonta a miles años, evidencia de ello es el gran número y variedad de nombres asignados a especies de importancia cultural. A través de estos nombres es posible entender el marco cognitivo-conceptual de los hongos existente en los diferentes grupos humanos. Objetivo: Documentar el conocimiento tradicional relacionado con el origen y significado de los nombres de los hongos utilizados actualmente por la cultura chinanteca la cual habita en Oaxaca en el sureste de México. Métodos: Mediante entrevistas no estructuradas, semiestructuradas y estructuradas se obtuvieron los vocablos chinantecos relacionados con el uso tradicional de los hongos en dos comunidades del Estado de Oaxaca. Asimismo se realizó la traducción de cada vocablo y se buscó su etimología y posible origen. Resultados y conclusiones: Se presenta un listado de 70 vocablos relacionados con los hongos silvestres utilizados por los chinantecos con uso comestible, medicinal, lúdico y ornamental. Todos los vocablos registrados tienen una traducción al español y se encuentran relacionados con 36 especies fúngicas. Este artículo documenta por primera ocasión la gran riqueza lingüística y conocimiento tradicional de los hongos, el cual ha pervivido, en la cultura chinanteca. AbstrActBackground: Humans have used the mushrooms during thousands of years as evidenced by the great number and variety of names assigned to species of cultural importance. Through these names it is possible to understand the cognitive-conceptual framework of mushrooms existing in different human groups. Objective: To document traditional knowledge related to the origin and meaning of the names of the mushrooms currently used by the Chinantec culture which inhabit in the state of Oaxaca in southeastern Mexico. Methods: Through non-structured and semi-structured interviews, the Chinantec words used to designate mushrooms were obtained in two communities of the State of Oaxaca. Also the translation of each word was carried out and its etymology and possible origin were investigated. Results and conclusions:A list of 70 words related to the wild mushrooms used by the Chinantec people with edible, medicinal, ludic and ornamental use is presented. All the registered words have a translation into Spanish and are related to 36 fungal species. This article documents for the first time the great linguistic richness and traditional knowledge of mushrooms, which has survived, in the Chinantec culture.

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ResumenEl empleo de fertilizantes nitrogenados y de aguas residuales no tratadas de origen urbano por los cultivos es una necesidad agronómica, económica y ambiental. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la respuesta del cultivo de trigo a la aplicación de diferentes fertilizantes nitrogenados, irrigado con agua residual y de pozo. Se utilizó un suelo Vertisol Háplico. Se usó como cultivo indicador trigo variedad Tlaxcala F2000. Los fertilizantes aplicados fueron: Fertilizante comercial (FC) constituido por Fosfato monoamónico + urea, Fertilizante orgánico (FO) Vermicomposta; y Fertilizante de lenta liberación (FL) combinación de: urea, H2PO4 y arcilla. La mezcla contiene N y P, 8.08 y 6.3 % en peso, respectivamente. Los tratamientos se diseñaron para probar el efecto simple de cada uno de estos materiales y la combinación de FL+FO. La dosis de fertilización de N y P fue (280-80-0). Con los datos de los análisis de laboratorio de N y P de las plantas, se calculó la eficiencia de recuperación de estos nutrimentos. Las interacciones fechas de Muestreo por agua y fertilizante por agua, fueron significativas al (p<0.05), para la biomasa fresca y seca en el cultivo experimental, asimismo se obtuvo mayor número de granos al irrigar con agua residual. Palabras clave: Biomasa, extracción, fertilizante de lenta liberación. AbstractThe use of nitrogen phosphorous fertilizers and untreated sewage from urban areas by crops is an agronomic, economic and environmental necessity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of growing wheat to the application of different nitrogen fertilizers, irrigated with wastewater and well water. Haplic Vertisol soil was used. Was used as indicator crop wheat variety Tlaxcala F2000. Fertilizers applied were: commercial fertilizer (CF) consisting of monoammonium phosphate + urea, organic fertilizer (FO) Vermicomposta, and slow release fertilizer (FL) combination of: urea, H2PO4 and clay. The mixture contains N and P, 8.08 and 6.3 wt%, respectively. The treatments were designed to test the effect of each single one of these materials and the combination FL + FO. The fertilization of N and P was (280-80-0). With the laboratory analysis data of N and P of the plants, the recovery efficiency of these nutrients was calculated. Dates of Sampling Water and Fertilizer water interactions were significant at (p < 0.05) for fresh and dry biomass in the experimental cultivation also increased the number of grains by irrigating with wastewater.

Antecedentes: En México, antes de la llegada de los españoles en el siglo XVI, los hongos tenían una importancia ceremonial y sagrada de gran relevancia, lo cual está sustentado en evidencias lingüísticas y arqueológicas, y documentado en códices prehispánicos y escritos coloniales.Objetivos: Describir una historia fascinante y, paradójicamente poco conocida, vinculada a la concepción de la primera aparición del sol y su relación con los hongos enteogénos según el Códice mixteco “Yuta Tnoho” o “Vindobonensis Mexicanus I”, producido en el siglo XVI.Métodos: Se realizó una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica de las publicaciones relacionadas con el Códice estudiado en diversas bases de datos digitales de la Universidad de Sheffield, la British Library ambas en Inglaterra y el Colegio de Postgraduados de México.Resultados y conclusiones: Se presenta una interpretación detallada de los pictogramas que registran el uso de hongos enteógenos desde una perspectiva ritual y sagrada para los grupos Mixtecos en épocas prehispánicas previas al nacimiento del primer sol. Esta evidencia constituye una pieza única de la importancia cultural y ceremonial de los hongos en Mesoamérica, la cual pervive actualmente en el sureste de México en grupos cercanos geográficamente a los mixtecos.