Diospyros (Ebenaceae) está conformado por alrededor de 500 especies, 120 están en América y más de 20 en México. Su distribución es tropical y se sostiene que se originó en Gondwana occidental. Este estudio es un análisis de la distribución geográfica de 1 452 sitios de colecta de 20 especies integrados en Global Biodiversity Information Facility(GBIF),con unenfoquepanbiogeográfico;aplicando un método combinado para el análisis de trazos y dos análisis de parsimonia de endemismos asociados al mapa de regiones bioeográficas de México y al de tipos de vegetación. La distribución principal del género es en el centro y sur del país constituyendo un elemento típicamente neotropical. Utilizando los trazos individuales se obtuvieron dos nodos principales, el primero en el centro de Veracruz y el segundo en el nororiente de la península de Yucatán. El análisis de parsimonia agrupa a las provincias de Yucatán, Petén, Golfo de México, Depresión del Balsas, Costa del Pacífico, Sierra Madre Oriental, Eje Volcánico Transversal, Sierra Madre del Sur, Oaxaca y Altiplano Zacatecano-Potosino en un sólo grupo. Este grupo concuerda con el dominio Mesoamericano y Antillano y con el dominio Mexicano de Montaña o Zona de Transición Mexicana. El análisis de los sitios de presencia evidenció a los bosques tropicales como grupos basales. Los resultados soportan la tesis de su origen e ideas sobre su diversificación geográfica y biológica, involucrando eventos dispersalistas y vicariantes, relacionados con eventos geológicos como la formación del Eje Volcánico Transversal. La mayoría de estas especies son de amplia distribución ya que se encuentran en más de una provincia, siendo la Costa del Pacífico, el Golfo de México y el Eje Volcánico las que cuentan con mayor riqueza: 12 especies cada una. Se postula que Diospyros concuerda con la migración de especies de la región Neotropical hacia la Zona de Transición Mexicana.
kindly supplied a hand-held XRF instrument for herbarium scanning. This research was partly undertaken at P06 at at Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), a member of the Helmholtz Association (HGF). The research leading to this result has been also supported by the project CALIPSOplus under the Grant Agreement 730872 from the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation HORIZON 2020. The micro-XRF instrumentation used in this study was cofunded by ICEEL (Carnot Institute)-CREGU-LabEX Ressources 21 (ANR-10-LABX 21-LABEX RESSOURCES 21) and FEDER. Special acknowledgments are made to MSc Blanca V. Juarez Jaimes (MEXU herbarium) for plant identification, to MSc. Jorge A. Ramírez Espinosa, Ing. Francisco Navarrete Torralba and all the students from the Universidad Tecnológica de la Selva (UTS) for their valuable contribution during the field surveys and for their current investment in this research. The authors are also grateful to Haley Disinger for the enrichment of the database (XRF screening data from the MO herbarium in Saint Louis), to Vanessa Invernon for her support at the Paris herbarium (Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris) and to all the technicians from MEXU herbarium for their valuable cooperation.We would like to thank Kathryn Spiers and Jan Garrevoet for their assistance during the experiments.We wish to thank Professor Alan Baker (The Universities of Melbourne and Queensland, Australia) for reviewing the paper and suggesting improvements to the text.
In Mexico, ultramafic complexes are present in different regions from the northwest (Baja California Norte) to the southeast (Chiapas). In this paper, we present the results of the exploration of three ultramafic (serpentine) habitats in central and southern Mexico: Cuicatlán–Concepción Pápalo (Oaxaca), Tehuitzingo–Tecomatlán (Puebla), and San Juan de Otates (Guanajuato). Previous geology studies showed that these complexes are mainly made up of serpentinized peridotites. Soil analyses demonstrated typical ultramafic characteristics such as high content of Mg in relation to Ca, and high concentrations of Fe, Cr, Co, and Ni. Soil samples from Oaxaca and Puebla had similar Ni contents around 2300 mg kg−1, while samples of Guanajuato showed the lowest Ni levels with an average of 200 mg kg−1 as well as for other metals such as Co, Cr, Mn, and Zn. During this study, 83 plant specimens were collected, of which 52 were identified at genus level and 40 at species level. The collected plants belong to 19 different families such as Anacardiaceae, Fabaceae, Acanthaceae, Asteraceae, Sterculiaceae, and Verbenaceae which are also widely present in other ultramafic areas in Iran, Brazil, Sri Lanka, and Costa Rica. Only two Mexican endemic species are included in the collection. Ni hyperaccumulators were not detected at any of the studied sites. Therefore, hyperaccumulation, as a tolerance mechanism of the flora in response to ultramafic geochemical stress, does not seem to be developed in Central Mexico, as observed in the close Costa Rican site of Santa Elena.
vesicatory (Xcv) phytopathogenic bacteria, with extracts of different polarity obtained from roots of Jatropha dioica Seseé (Blood grade), endemic plant species of Mexico valued in traditional medicine for its pharmacological and healing properties. As an indicator of cellular respiration in bacterial cultures exposed to extracts, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride was used. The methanolic, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts showed antimicrobial activity against the phytopathogens Cmm, Pst and Xcv. According to the results, the hexane extract showed the lowest Maximum Average Inhibitory concentration (IC50) against Pst and Xcv (0.5 ± 0.01 and 1.7 ± 0.36 mg mL-1 , respectively), so it was separated by column chromatography. As a result, a white crystalline solid identified spectroscopically as citlalitrione was isolated and purified, said compound also exhibited activity against the Cmm, Pst and Xcv bacteria with an IC50 of 1.0 ± 0.13, 1.0 ± 0.11 and 1.1 ± 0.19 mg mL-1 , respectively. These in vitro results open the possibility of using plant extracts of J. dioica for the control of diseases caused by the bacteria studied in tomato cultivation, offering an alternative to the use of antibiotics or copper compounds.
<p><strong>Background.</strong> Considering the current importance of recognizing the potential of traditional agroecosystems, including homegardens in the sustainable development of many rural and urban communities, strategists and scientists around the world are showing increasing interest in their study. <strong>Objective.</strong> Analyze the scientific literature relevant to the scope and constraints of homegardens (HGs), and to identify gaps and research perspectives, especially for indigenous communities in Mexico. <strong>Methodology.</strong> A total of 335 studies published in the last decades (1986-2020) were collected from different databases using predefined keywords. All publications were organized and stored in the Zotero (2018) program. The trends of all the publications were analyzed using NVivo 12 Plus software. <strong>Results.</strong> The number of publications increased from the year 2000. About 70% of the publications analyzed were research articles in english. Of the total studies examined 239 (71.35%) were conducted in different parts of the world, of which 30% from Asia and the remaining 96 (28.65%) from Mexico, primarily in tropics. Most of these studies focused on ecological (62.98%), economic (20.29%), cultural (13.43%), social (7.46%) and multifunctional features (12.23%) of HGs. The same pattern was identified in the case of Mexico, with studies of 10.74%, 5.07%, 5.67%, 0.597%, and 3.58% focused on ecological, economic, cultural, social and the multifunctionality features of HGs respectively. <strong>Implications. </strong>The analysis of the scope and limitations of HGs contributes to identifying the need to carry out transdisciplinary research that reflects their whole dynamics as agroecosystems, in which, in addition to the ecological environment, there are various cultural aspects considered important in the indigenous communities of Mexico.<strong> Conclusions. </strong>The publications emphasized the importance of homegardens to provide multiple ecosystem functions and services to enhance human well-being. However, future research should reevaluate HGs based on a holistic multi-functional agriculture approach to promote them as one of the strategies conducive to improve family well-being. Also, it is suggested to evaluate the degree of sustainability of HGs based on its resilience and adaptation capacity to confront current challenges.</p>
Se identificaron las variedades de agave en 11 clases de tierras campesinas en Tepetlaoxtoc de Hidalgo, Estado de México; así como, su caracterización morfológica de lo que popularmente se conocen como magueyes pulqueros; a través, del análisis de conglomerados y del componente principal. Se encontraron 7 variedades: Manso (Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm.), Verde (Agave americana L.), Ayoteco (Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm.) Carrizo (Agave mapisaga Trel.) y Púa larga (Agave sp.). Las variedades de maguey Maso y Verde se encuentran en todas las clases de tierras campesinas, induciendo a que todos los individuos evaluados son fenotípicamente similares o muy emparentados; en contraste, el Púa larga se encontró solamente en tres clases de tierra. Las variedades Ayoteco y Carrizo, se encontraron en cinco clases de tierra, ambas con características fenotípicas muy emparentadas con el maguey Manso. El mayor desarrollo morfológico se presentó en la clase de tierra amarilla, donde el maguey Verde, Púa larga, Carrizo y el Ayoteco obtuvieron su mejor desarrollo en diámetro de copa y altura. El maguey Manso presentó un diámetro de copa (distancia entre penca y penca abierta) de entre 1.15 a 3.5 m y una altura de 1.2. a 2.8 m. en contraste, el Carrizo presentó de 1.7 a 2.37 m de diámetro de copa y una altura de 1.23 a 2.1 m respectivamente. Los campesinos de Tepetlaoxtoc han conservado esta diversidad de variedades de maguey pulquero por la diversidad de usos múltiples que les proporcionan y continúan en su proceso de domesticación incidiendo en su morfología.
En México, la tecnología agrícola tradicional, resultante de la acumulación milenaria de valiosas experiencias pertinentes al manejo, aprovechamiento y selección bajo domesticación de un amplio conjunto de etnorecursos, continúa expresándose en una amplia superficie. Sin embargo, debido a diversos aspectos negativos del proceso de aculturación, sus fundamentos biológicos y culturales se encuentran en grave riesgo. Considerando al agroecosistema la unidad de estudio integral conducente al entendimiento de las interrelaciones involucradas en la dinámica de sus componentes físicos, biológicos y culturales y teniendo como objetivo, contribuir al entendimiento de la dinámica ecológica y cultural evidenciada en agroecosistemas tradicionales del Totonacapan. Mediante experiencias derivadas de más de tres décadas de trabajo en la región, se describen y analizan algunos rasgos distintivos de dichos sistemas de producción agrícola, enfatizando a la milpa y al monte como espacios en los que se genera y transmite conocimientos y actitudes vinculados a la percepción, manejo, aprovechamiento y conservación de los etnorecursos inherentes a éstos. Se proporciona información cuantitativa vinculada a la dinámica de este tipo de sistemas de producción agrícola. Los métodos aplicados se fundamentaron en el marco para la evaluación de sistemas de manejo de recursos naturales incorporando indicadores de sustentabilidad (MESMIS), la evaluación del ciclo de vida (LCA), la exploración etnobotánica, así como en la observación participativa. Con base en la definición y evaluación de 15 índices pertinentes a su resiliencia, se propone un modelo de trabajo transdisciplinario conducente a la mensuración del grado de sostenibilidad evidenciado por los mismos. Los resultados indican que, mientras mayor sea el legado biocultural transmitido por sus ancestros y el apego de las familias campesinas al mismo, mayor será la resiliencia ecológica y cultural de sus agroecosistemas y consecuentemente, la sustentabilidad evidenciada por éstos.
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