Background
Cigarette smoking is an established risk factor for adult myeloid leukemia, particularly acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but less is known about the nature of this association and effects of smoking cessation on risk.
Methods
In a large population-based case-control study of myeloid leukemia that included 414 AML and 185 chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cases and 692 controls ages 20–79 years, we evaluated risk associated with cigarette smoking and smoking cessation using unconditional logistic regression methods and cubic spline modeling.
Results
AML and CML risk increased with increasing cigarette smoking intensity in men and women. A monotonic decrease in AML risk was observed with increasing time since quitting, whereas for CML, the risk reduction was more gradual. For both AML and CML, among long-term quitters (≥30 years), risk was comparable to non-smokers.
Conclusions
Our study confirms the increased risk of myeloid leukemia with cigarette smoking and provides encouraging evidence of risk attenuation following cessation.
We compared myocardial performance in newborn lambs over the first 3 wk of life with that of ewes. Heart rate was higher in newborn lambs than in ewes. The ratio of left ventricular preejection period to left ventricular ejection time was similar for newborns (0.31 +/- 0.02) and ewes (0.31 +/- 0.01). Cardiac output in ml/min per kg body weight in the newborn was 397 +/- 55 at 1 wk, 314 +/- 30 at 2 wk, and 274 +/- 10 at 3 wk, compared to 125 +/- 8 in ewes. Stroke work was comparable in both age groups. Left ventricular dP/dtmax averaged 3,723 mmHg/s in lambs compared to a mean value of 2,257 in ewes. These studies establish that the myocardium of newborn sheep contracts vigorously in vivo and equals or exceeds the level of performance of the myocardium of adult sheep, as estimated by a variety of indices of myocardial function.
We developed extraction and analysis protocols for element detection in neonatal blood spots (NBSs) using sector-field inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS). A 5% (v/v) nitric acid element extraction protocol was optimized and used to simultaneously measure 28 elements in NBS card filter paper and 150 NBSs. NBS element concentrations were corrected for filter paper background contributions estimated from measurements in samples obtained from either unspotted or spotted NBS cards. A lower 95% uncertainty limit (UL) that accounted for ICP-MS method, filter paper element concentration, and element recovery uncertainties was calculated by standard methods for each individual's NBS element concentration. Filter paper median element levels were highly variable within and between lots for most elements. After accounting for measurement uncertainties, 11 elements (Ca, Cs, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, Rb, S, and Zn) had lower 95% ULs40 ng/spot with estimated concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 450,000 ng/spot in Z50% of NBS samples in both correction methods. In a NBS sample minority, Li, Cd, Cs, Cr, Ni, Mo, and Pb had estimated concentrations Z20-fold higher than the respective median level. Taking measurement uncertainties into account, this assay could be used for semiquantitative newborn blood element measurement and for the detection of individuals exposed to supraphysiologic levels of some trace elements. Adequate control of filter paper element contributions remains the primary obstacle to fully quantitative element measurement in newborn blood using NBSs.
Background
Hepatoblastoma is a rare childhood liver cancer with an obscure etiology, however it is potentially associated with selected pregnancy events and hepatoblastoma risk in offspring.
Methods
Adjusted unconditional logistic regression estimated odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for self-reported pregnancy events and medication use in a sample of mothers of 383 childhood hepatoblastoma cases and 387 controls.
Results
Risk of hepatoblastoma was significantly associated with maternal first trimester weight gain (OR=1.02; 95% CI 1.00, 1.04 per 1 lb increase and nearly significantly with maternal multivitamin use (OR=0.73; 95% CI 0.51,1.03). Hepatoblastoma was not associated with other maternal weight changes, maternal illness or medication use during pregnancy.
Conclusion
We found little evidence that maternal illness or most medication use during pregnancy are associated with hepatoblastoma in offspring.
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