Early LiCoO 2 research provided the basis for the tremendous commercial success of Li + batteries since their invention in the early 1990s. Today, LiN-iMnCoO 2 (Li-NMC) is one of the most widely used batteries in the rapidly evolving electronic vehicle industry. Li-NMC batteries continue to receive significant interest as research efforts aim to partially, or entirely, replace the use of scarcely available and toxic Co with elemental doping to form binary, ternary, and quaternary layered oxides. Furthermore, safety concerns and rising uncertainty for the future of Li supplies have resulted in growing curiosity toward non-Li + rechargeable batteries such as Na + and K + . Unfortunately, the success of Li + host materials does not always directly transfer to Na + and K + batteries due to the difficulty of reversibly intercalating larger ions without irreparably distorting the host structure. Consequently, this report provides an overview of the Li-based materials surrounding the success of commercial Li-NMC and the subsequent progress of their lesser studied Na and K counterparts. The challenges for current cathode materials are highlighted, and the opportunities for progression are suggested. The summary presented in this review can be consulted to steer new and unique research avenues for layered oxide materials as metal-ion battery cathodes.

enhancing AM feedstock's with electrically conductive printable composites for conductive pathway creation. However, this method is limited by its application of commercially available filaments, with only a few research groups capable of fabricating bespoke AM filaments for electrochemical applications. These developments provide integration of electronic components into AM designs, and even the AM of electronic components themselves. [2] The integration of 3D electronics in this manner is known as 3D structural electronics and allows electrical components to be designed to any form, providing a unique improvement over conventional electronics systems. [1c,3] Supercapacitors, or electrochemical capacitors, have attracted a great deal of attention as energy storage devices since they have several advantages over batteries, such as high power densities, long life cycles, high reversibility, and relatively low cost. This makes them ideal for many applications, e.g., portable electronic devices, electrical vehicles, and emergency powers supplies. [4] Supercapacitors are used to be separated into two common categories: electrochemical double layer capacitors and pseudocapacitors. However, this latter notation has been explored demonstrating unambiguously that pseudocapacitance is incorrect and rather double layer charging and Faradaic responses are often superimposed. [5] The manufacturing of supercapacitors is typically accomplished by inkjet, screen-, and roll-to-roll printing, but recent advancements in AM have been shown this as a potential significant manufacturing approach for energy storage architectures. [6] Foster et al. [6] demonstrated for the first time that the use of commercially available electrically conducting filaments can be utilized as freestanding anodes within lithium-ion batteries, by integrating graphene into a polymer matrix suitable for filament deposition modeling. In their study, a solid commercially available filament was used to demonstrate the potential of AM as an experimental approach to the development of energy storage architecture. This was the first demonstration of true AM to make electrodes for the application of energy storage. Down et al. [7] demonstrated that the approach could be used along with activate materials, integrated into the AM feed stocks, to fabricate a sodium ion full cell battery. Through integrating active materials into the filaments, the process of manufacturing energy storage architectures can entirely done by AM, with improved performance provided by an additional stage of post processing, through the partial dissolution of the polymer Additively manufactured (AM) supercapacitor platforms are fabricated from bespoke filaments, which are comprised of electro-conductive graphene (20 wt%) incorporated polylactic acid (80 wt%), via fused deposition modeling and denoted as G/AMEs. The G/AMEs are shown to be capable of acting as a template for the electrodeposition of metals/metal oxides, in particular MoO 2 nanowires (MoO 2 -G/AMEs), which are subsequently...

enhancing AM feedstock's with electrically conductive printable composites for conductive pathway creation. However, this method is limited by its application of commercially available filaments, with only a few research groups capable of fabricating bespoke AM filaments for electrochemical applications. These developments provide integration of electronic components into AM designs, and even the AM of electronic components themselves. [2] The integration of 3D electronics in this manner is known as 3D structural electronics and allows electrical components to be designed to any form, providing a unique improvement over conventional electronics systems. [1c,3] Supercapacitors, or electrochemical capacitors, have attracted a great deal of attention as energy storage devices since they have several advantages over batteries, such as high power densities, long life cycles, high reversibility, and relatively low cost. This makes them ideal for many applications, e.g., portable electronic devices, electrical vehicles, and emergency powers supplies. [4] Supercapacitors are used to be separated into two common categories: electrochemical double layer capacitors and pseudocapacitors. However, this latter notation has been explored demonstrating unambiguously that pseudocapacitance is incorrect and rather double layer charging and Faradaic responses are often superimposed. [5] The manufacturing of supercapacitors is typically accomplished by inkjet, screen-, and roll-to-roll printing, but recent advancements in AM have been shown this as a potential significant manufacturing approach for energy storage architectures. [6] Foster et al. [6] demonstrated for the first time that the use of commercially available electrically conducting filaments can be utilized as freestanding anodes within lithium-ion batteries, by integrating graphene into a polymer matrix suitable for filament deposition modeling. In their study, a solid commercially available filament was used to demonstrate the potential of AM as an experimental approach to the development of energy storage architecture. This was the first demonstration of true AM to make electrodes for the application of energy storage. Down et al. [7] demonstrated that the approach could be used along with activate materials, integrated into the AM feed stocks, to fabricate a sodium ion full cell battery. Through integrating active materials into the filaments, the process of manufacturing energy storage architectures can entirely done by AM, with improved performance provided by an additional stage of post processing, through the partial dissolution of the polymer Additively manufactured (AM) supercapacitor platforms are fabricated from bespoke filaments, which are comprised of electro-conductive graphene (20 wt%) incorporated polylactic acid (80 wt%), via fused deposition modeling and denoted as G/AMEs. The G/AMEs are shown to be capable of acting as a template for the electrodeposition of metals/metal oxides, in particular MoO 2 nanowires (MoO 2 -G/AMEs), which are subsequently...

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Zero-emission hydrogen and oxygen production are critical for the UK to reach net-zero greenhouse gasses by 2050. Electrochemical techniques such as water splitting (electrolysis) coupled with renewables energy can provide a unique approach to achieving zero emissions. Many studies exploring electrocatalysts need to “electrically wire” to their material to measure their performance, which usually involves immobilization upon a solid electrode. We demonstrate that significant differences in the calculated onset potential for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) can be observed when using screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) of differing connection lengths which are immobilized with a range of electrocatalysts. This can lead to false improvements in the reported performance of different electrocatalysts and poor comparisons between the literature. Through the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, uncompensated ohmic resistance can be overcome providing more accurate Tafel analysis.