Electrochemical Overview: A Summary of ACo_xMn_yNi_zO₂ and Metal Oxides as Versatile Cathode Materials for Metal‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

Early LiCoO 2 research provided the basis for the tremendous commercial success of Li + batteries since their invention in the early 1990s. Today, LiN-iMnCoO 2 (Li-NMC) is one of the most widely used batteries in the rapidly evolving electronic vehicle industry. Li-NMC batteries continue to receive significant interest as research efforts aim to partially, or entirely, replace the use of scarcely available and toxic Co with elemental doping to form binary, ternary, and quaternary layered oxides. Furthermore, safety concerns and rising uncertainty for the future of Li supplies have resulted in growing curiosity toward non-Li + rechargeable batteries such as Na + and K + . Unfortunately, the success of Li + host materials does not always directly transfer to Na + and K + batteries due to the difficulty of reversibly intercalating larger ions without irreparably distorting the host structure. Consequently, this report provides an overview of the Li-based materials surrounding the success of commercial Li-NMC and the subsequent progress of their lesser studied Na and K counterparts. The challenges for current cathode materials are highlighted, and the opportunities for progression are suggested. The summary presented in this review can be consulted to steer new and unique research avenues for layered oxide materials as metal-ion battery cathodes.

Ultrafast-Laser Micro-Structuring of LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 Cathode for High-Rate Capability of Three-Dimensional Li-ion Batteries

“…The conventional Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have several limitations, such as low energy density, high cost of the active material, and poor thermal stability [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]; hence, their use is limited. However, LiNi x Mn y Co z O 2 (NMC) has been attracting increasing attention as a promising cathode material with a higher specific capacity and energy density than that of the conventional LiCoO 2 (LCO) [ 4 , 5 ]. The Ni-rich NMC cathode, particularly LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.8 O 2 (NMC811), is more cost efficient and has a higher practical specific capacity (200 mAh g −1 ) than that of the lower-Ni-contained NMC cathode (160 mAh g −1 ) at an average discharge potential of 3.8 V (vs. Li + /Li) [ 6 , 7 ].…”

MXene‐Ti3C2 Armored Layer for Aluminum Current Collector Enable Stable High‐Voltage Lithium‐Ion Battery

“…In the final stage, NCM333||Li cell was selected to examine the performance of MXene-Al current collector in LIB at a high cut-off voltage of 4.5 V, breaking the conventional 4.2 V. Undoubtedly, the decay of NCM333||Li cell is inseparable from the intrinsic electrochemical characteristics of NCM333 and the poor cyclability of lithium metal anode. [42,43] Consequently, we reasonably control these factors and focus on the evolution of current collectors emphatically. Figure 5a illustrates CV results of NCM333 with MXene-Al and Al current collectors.…”

Electrochemically Engineering a Single-Crystal Nickel-Rich Layered Cathode

“…Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been commonly applied in large-scale energy storage, electric vehicle power supplies, medical equipment, and consumer mobile electronic products because of their superb cycling performance, eminent energy density, lack of memory effect, etc. − Because cathode materials are critical for determining the performance and cost of LIBs, it is of great importance to motivate their development and modification. − Among numerous cathode materials such as LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , and LiFePO 4 , ternary cathode material LiNi x Co y Mn 1– x – y O 2 , especially high-nickel ternary material ( x ≥ 0.6), has become one of the preferred cathodes for LIBs due to its eminent specific capacity, minimal cost, and environmental sustainability. − Ternary material possesses a layered α-NaFeO 2 structure with space group R 3̅ m , where Li occupies the 3a site to form the LiO 6 octahedron, the transition metals Ni, Co, and Mn take up the 3b site, and O locates at the 6c site to form the MO 6 (M are transition metals) octahedron. In this structure, each element plays its specific role in determining the electrochemical performances.…”