MoO₂ Nanowire Electrochemically Decorated Graphene Additively Manufactured Supercapacitor Platforms

Abstract

enhancing AM feedstock's with electrically conductive printable composites for conductive pathway creation. However, this method is limited by its application of commercially available filaments, with only a few research groups capable of fabricating bespoke AM filaments for electrochemical applications. These developments provide integration of electronic components into AM designs, and even the AM of electronic components themselves. [2] The integration of 3D electronics in this manner is known as 3D structural electronics and allows electrical components to be designed to any form, providing a unique improvement over conventional electronics systems. [1c,3] Supercapacitors, or electrochemical capacitors, have attracted a great deal of attention as energy storage devices since they have several advantages over batteries, such as high power densities, long life cycles, high reversibility, and relatively low cost. This makes them ideal for many applications, e.g., portable electronic devices, electrical vehicles, and emergency powers supplies. [4] Supercapacitors are used to be separated into two common categories: electrochemical double layer capacitors and pseudocapacitors. However, this latter notation has been explored demonstrating unambiguously that pseudocapacitance is incorrect and rather double layer charging and Faradaic responses are often superimposed. [5] The manufacturing of supercapacitors is typically accomplished by inkjet, screen-, and roll-to-roll printing, but recent advancements in AM have been shown this as a potential significant manufacturing approach for energy storage architectures. [6] Foster et al. [6] demonstrated for the first time that the use of commercially available electrically conducting filaments can be utilized as freestanding anodes within lithium-ion batteries, by integrating graphene into a polymer matrix suitable for filament deposition modeling. In their study, a solid commercially available filament was used to demonstrate the potential of AM as an experimental approach to the development of energy storage architecture. This was the first demonstration of true AM to make electrodes for the application of energy storage. Down et al. [7] demonstrated that the approach could be used along with activate materials, integrated into the AM feed stocks, to fabricate a sodium ion full cell battery. Through integrating active materials into the filaments, the process of manufacturing energy storage architectures can entirely done by AM, with improved performance provided by an additional stage of post processing, through the partial dissolution of the polymer Additively manufactured (AM) supercapacitor platforms are fabricated from bespoke filaments, which are comprised of electro-conductive graphene (20 wt%) incorporated polylactic acid (80 wt%), via fused deposition modeling and denoted as G/AMEs. The G/AMEs are shown to be capable of acting as a template for the electrodeposition of metals/metal oxides, in particular MoO 2 nanowires (MoO 2 -G/AMEs), which are subsequently...

Circular Economy Electrochemistry: Creating Additive Manufacturing Feedstocks for Caffeine Detection from Post-Industrial Coffee Pod Waste

“…Typically, poly­(lactic acid) (PLA) is used as the base polymer, and carbon black (CB) and graphene (G) filled commercial filaments are already widely available for purchase worldwide. However, the development of bespoke filaments is being increasingly reported. , AM now spans a wide range of electrochemical applications, with many published reports on its use in fuel cells, − batteries, ,− supercapacitors, − and electroanalytical sensing devices. ,− The latter began with the printing of simple “lollipop” shape (or disk) working electrodes , but has progressed further to electrodes of varying geometries and the electrochemical cell itself; − even accessories and electrochemical experimental equipment has been reported . Compared to the use of conventional electrodes, AM allows for the production of electrodes with bespoke geometries at significantly lower manufacturing timescales and costs, by simply altering the computational design. , …”

Recycled PETg embedded with graphene, multi-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon black for high-performance conductive additive manufacturing feedstock

“…5 Combining conductive PLA and electrochemistry has been reported for a wide-range of applications, including general sensors, 6 biosensing platforms, 7 fuel cells and electrolysers, 8 batteries, 9 and supercapacitors. 10…”

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes/carbon black/rPLA for high-performance conductive additive manufacturing filament and the simultaneous detection of acetaminophen and phenylephrine

“…A large amount of work has been reported on improving the performance of the commercial conductive PLA through either changing the printing parameters, such as printing speed [ 4 – 6 ] or enhancing the surface of the additively manufactured electrode through “activation” [ 7 ]. Moreover, additively manufactured and electrochemistry have been combined through the use of such commercial filaments to produce devices for water splitting [ 8 , 9 ], supercapacitors [ 10 – 12 ], batteries [ 13 , 14 ], and sensors for healthcare [ 15 ], the environment [ 16 , 17 ], and forensic applications [ 18 , 19 ]. This field began with printing simple discs or lollipops from commercial filament [ 20 ] but has progressed into designing full bespoke additively manufactured platforms [ 21 ], sometimes within a single print [ 22 ], and with a plethora of electrode geometries [ 23 ].…”