Previous studies suggested that mastication activity can affect learning and memory function. However, most were focused on mastication impaired models by providing long-term soft diet. The effects of chewing food with various hardness, especially during the growth period, remain unknown.
Objective:
To analyze the difference of hippocampus function and morphology, as characterized by pyramidal cell count and BDNF expression in different mastication activities.
Materials and Methods:
28-day old, post-weaned, male-Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=7); the first (K0) was fed a standard diet using pellets as the control, the second (K1) was fed soft food and the third (K2) was fed hard food. After eight weeks, the rats were decapitated, their brains were removed and placed on histological plates made to count the pyramid cells and quantify BDNF expression in the hippocampus. Data collected were compared using one-way ANOVA.
Results:
Results confirmed the pyramid cell count (K0=169.14±27.25; K1=130.14±29.32; K2=128.14±39.02) and BDNF expression (K0=85.27±19.78; K1=49.57±20.90; K2=36.86±28.97) of the K0 group to be significantly higher than that of K1 and K2 groups (p<0.05); no significant difference in the pyramidal cell count and BNDF expression was found between K1 and K2 groups (p>0.05).
Conclusion:
A standard diet leads to the optimum effect on hippocampus morphology. Food consistency must be appropriately suited to each development stage, in this case, hippocampus development in post-weaned period.
Introduction: Corona disease-19 virus (COVID-19) spread and caused a pandemic that affected people all over the world. COVID-19 is also called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus Disease (SARS-CoV). Discussion: COVID-19 is a β-coronavirus serotype which is a single strain of RNA virus and was an outbreak in 2002 (SARS-CoV) and 2012 (MERS-CoV). COVID-19 has Open Reading Frames (ORFs) consisting of Spikes (S), Envelopes (E), Membranes (M), and Nucleocapsids (N) with S parts being a glycoprotein that can attach to receptors owned by host cells, the receptors are CD 26, ACE-2, Ezrin, and Cyclophilins with the main receptor being ACE-2 in the lung organs. Process would evoke a host body's immune response consisting of natural and adaptive immune systems, involving the Antigen Presenting Cell (APC) system which consists of two, namely: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I and II. APC could also generate adaptive immune system, consists of B and T cells. COVID-19 had the ability to survive in B and T cells, so that cytokine-chemokine secretion continues to be known as cytokine storm that trigger Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and death. Conclusion: The recovery prognosis of COVID-19 depended on the detection of COVID-19 patients because it was related to the severity of ARDS, so the earlier it was detected, the greater the chance of recovery.
Objective: Indonesia has many kinds of useful herbs, which are often used as species such as chili, pepper or cayenne pepper (capsicum frutescens L). Previous study showed topical capsaicin can be used as a therapy to cure pain due to inflammation. Small concentrations of capsaicin can attenuate cytokines in the inflammatory process. Capsaicin studies in animal model showed activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1. Capsaicin can decrease various cytokines such as IL-6, IL-12, IL-1β and increase IL-10. Capsaicin is a natural agonist for transient receptor potential vanilloid-1. The aim of this study is to prove the effect of capsaicin on transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 expression and TNF-α and TLR-4 toward pain. Material and Methods: An experimental laboratory research used animal model Wistar male rats (rattus novegicus) induced with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotype b and green chili extract (capsicum frutescens L.) with a dose of 0.0912 mg/kg/day was applied to surface of the gingiva on maxillary first molar for 7 days. An immunohistochemical examination was conducted to see the density of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 and the expression of TLR-4 and IL-1β in the mucosal tissues of the oral cavity. Results: There were significant differences in the applications of Capsicum frutescens L. with increasing of TRPV ligand-1 and IL-1β (p<0.05), while the TLR-4 (p>0.05) showed a significant difference to TRPV-1 and IL-1β. There is no significant difference to TLR-4. Conclusion: Capsaicin can increase TRPV-1 and decrease IL-1β but did not affect the TLR-4. Capsaicin can be used to decrease pain and accelerate healing process in periodontitis.
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