Molecular Review Covid19 from the Pathogenesis and Transmission Aspect

Abstract

Introduction: Corona disease-19 virus (COVID-19) spread and caused a pandemic that affected people all over the world. COVID-19 is also called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus Disease (SARS-CoV). Discussion: COVID-19 is a β-coronavirus serotype which is a single strain of RNA virus and was an outbreak in 2002 (SARS-CoV) and 2012 (MERS-CoV). COVID-19 has Open Reading Frames (ORFs) consisting of Spikes (S), Envelopes (E), Membranes (M), and Nucleocapsids (N) with S parts being a glycoprotein that can attach to receptors owned by host cells, the receptors are CD 26, ACE-2, Ezrin, and Cyclophilins with the main receptor being ACE-2 in the lung organs. Process would evoke a host body's immune response consisting of natural and adaptive immune systems, involving the Antigen Presenting Cell (APC) system which consists of two, namely: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I and II. APC could also generate adaptive immune system, consists of B and T cells. COVID-19 had the ability to survive in B and T cells, so that cytokine-chemokine secretion continues to be known as cytokine storm that trigger Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and death. Conclusion: The recovery prognosis of COVID-19 depended on the detection of COVID-19 patients because it was related to the severity of ARDS, so the earlier it was detected, the greater the chance of recovery.

Oxygen Saturation (SPO2) in Covid-19 Patients

“…Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) from symptomatic patients occurs through droplets released when coughing or sneezing. (Setiawan et al, 2020). There are 216 countries infected with COVID-19.…”

Edukasi Pencegahan Dan Penyebaran Covid-19 Di Wilayah Danau Kelurahan Harapan Baru Bekasi Utara

“…Maka solusi yang kami lakukan memberi edukasi secara langsung kepada masyarakat dengan menyebarkan masker, memberikan hand sanitizer dan menyemprotkan cairan desinfektan ke fasilitas umum, tujuan juga memberi pemahaman kepada masyarakat luas tentang Covid-19 dan standar pencegahannya sesuai pemerintah dengan harapan dapat membawa perubahan berupa potensi peningkatan pemahaman masyarakat terkait Covid-19. (Setiawan, et al, 2020). Covid-19 disebabkan oleh virus Sars-CoV-2 yang merupakan zoonosis (ditularkan antara hewan dan manusia) penelitian menyebutkan bahwa SARS ditransmisikan dari kucing luwak (civet cats) ke manusia dan MERS dari unta ke manusia.…”

Clinical Characteristics and Positivity Rate of COVID-19 in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia

“…The main symptoms of COVID-19 are cough, fever, and dyspnia [13]. In some cases, other symptoms have been reported such as diarrhea, fatigue, shivering, colds, nausea, sore throat, asphyxiate, headache, and stomach pain [14] [15]. Apart from symptomatic patients, nearly 50% of the COVID-19 patients in Semarang are reported to the asymptomatic [16] [17].…”