Expression of NaV-1.7, TNF-α and HSP-70 in experimental flare-up post-extirpated dental pulp tissue through a neuroimmunological approach

LPS-Induced Neuron Cell Apoptosis through TNF-α and Cytochrome c Expression in Dental Pulp

“…The recognized LPS with TLR will activate the p38/MAPK, 21 extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), 21 and c-jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) 22 and, in the final, activate the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), 23 and produces proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α. 24 The other research also showed that the LPS significantly upregulated maternally expressed gene 3, resulting in upregulating the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, 25 IL-6, IL-8, 23 and decrease in IL-10 21 through p38/MAPK signaling pathway. 26 In the cellular event, the response is provided by an increased number of neutrophils, macrophages and CD47.…”

“…NF-κB expression causes an increase in TNF-α expressing cells. 28,29 The dominancy of TNF-α showed that the extracellular pathways lead to apoptosis. Further studies need to confirm the other influence marker during extracellular and intracellular pathways-induced apoptosis in neuron cells.…”

Immunohistochemistry as a detection tool for ion channels involved in dental pain signaling

“…In dental pulp, several ion channels involved in peripheral pain signaling have also been discovered. They are TRPV1, TRPV4, TRPA1, and TRPM8, ATP receptors and purinergic receptor (P2X3), pannexin 1-ATP permeable channel, sodium channel family (Nav1.7, Nav1.8, and Nav1.9), and voltage-gated calcium channels (Cav1.2 and Cav3.1) ( Alavi et al, 2001 , Bakri et al, 2018 , Beneng et al, 2010 , El Karim et al, 2011 , Ju et al, 2015 , Kim et al, 2020 , Liu et al, 2015 , Michot et al, 2018 , Park et al, 2006 , Renton et al, 2003 , Renton et al, 2005 , Sampoerno et al, 2020 , Wells et al, 2007 , Westenbroek et al, 2004 ). Here, we highlight the antibody-antigen complex detection method, control groups, and methods for data analysis related to these ion channels.…”

“… Nav1.7 Enzymatic labelling (avidin–biotin peroxidase) Imaging tool: Scoring method of staining intensity assessed via visual observation by two independent blinded observers Image analysis: protocol not included Human dental pulp ( Beneng et al, 2010 ) 11. Nav1.7 Hematoxylin Mayer Imaging tool: visual assessment Image analysis: protocol not included Sprague Dawley rats dental pulp ( Sampoerno et al, 2020 ) 12. Cav1.2 (L-type calcium channel) Enzymatic labelling (gold and DAB-pre-embedded).…”

“…The investigation of the expression of ion channels in human dental pulp was mostly performed via enzymatic labeling ( Alavi et al, 2001 , Beneng et al, 2010 , El Karim et al, 2011 , Renton et al, 2003 , Renton et al, 2005 , Westenbroek et al, 2004 ) to enable ultrastructural labeling within the tissue, as described in the previous section. Two studies used hematoxylin and eosin to compare the control group (healthy pulp tissue) with pulpitis ( Bakri et al, 2018 , Sampoerno et al, 2020 ), while immunofluorescent labeling was mostly used to label ion channels in experiments involving cell cultures ( Ju et al, 2015 , Kim et al, 2020 , Michot et al, 2018 ).…”