AU-rich elements found in the 3-untranslated regions of cytokine and proto-oncogene transcripts regulate mRNA degradation and function as binding sites for the mRNA-stabilizing protein HuA and the mRNA-destabilizing protein tristetraprolin. Experiments were performed to evaluate the expression of HuA and tristetraprolin in purified human T lymphocytes and to evaluate the ability of these proteins to recognize specific AU-rich sequences. HuA is a predominantly nuclear protein that can also be found in the cytoplasm of resting T lymphocytes. Within 1 h after stimulation of T lymphocytes with anti-T cell receptor antibodies or a combination of a phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin, an increase in cytoplasmic HuA RNA-binding activity was observed. Although absent in resting cells, cytoplasmic tristetraprolin protein was detected 3-6 h following activation. HuA recognized specific AU-rich sequences found in c-jun or c-myc mRNA that were poorly recognized by tristetraprolin. In contrast, tristetraprolin recognized an AU-rich sequence in interleukin-2 mRNA that was poorly recognized by HuA. Both HuA and tristetraprolin, however, recognized AUrich sequences from c-fos, interleukin-3, tumor necrosis factor-␣, and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNA. HuA may transiently stabilize a subset of AU-rich element-containing transcripts following T lymphocyte activation, and tristetraprolin may subsequently mediate their degradation.

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PurposeThis paper reflects on the recent introduction of a statutory smoking ban in workplaces in the Republic of Ireland (ROI). The aim of the research is to identify the arguments for and against statutory smoking bans and to explore the impact of such legislation on hospitality organisations.Design/methodology/approachIn addition to the literature review, which examines evidence from other jurisdictions that have introduced smoking bans, the primary research is based on semi‐structured interviews with the managers of licensed premises in both the ROI and Northern Ireland.FindingsQualitative data based on the recent introduction of a smoking ban in the ROI indicate that, although the industry's concerns are understandable, hospitality businesses and their customers are adapting to the statutory smoking ban. The findings indicate that, to date, the smoking ban in the ROI has not adversely affected the licensed premises surveyed. However, the findings do indicate changes in consumer behaviour, which is consistent with press reports in the ROI.Originality/valueThis paper presents insights from both the ROI where a statutory smoking ban is in place and Northern Ireland where no such restrictions are in place. It is believed that this cross border perspective affords greater insight into the issues surrounding statutory smoking bans. Within the UK, the debate on the idea of a statutory smoking ban is ongoing; this paper seeks to provide a concise review of the issues within the context of the hospitality industry.

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