The aim of this research was to determine genetic values for the fruit width and fruit length in F1 and F2 generation of diallely crossed pepper genotypes, and to evaluate the effects of applying the pedigree and bulk breeding method for producing F3 hybrid populations. Hybrid populations were formed by crossing divergent genotypes belonging to different varieties of species Capsicum annuum L. The research of parental lines lasted for three years, experiments with F1 generation two years, while the analysis of results for F3 hybrid population has been done regarding the data from one year experiment. The heterosis effect in F1 generation for all researched traits and in all crossing combinations was very low. Genetic analysis of F2 generation showed that all researched traits were inherited with partial domination. In F3 generation, hybrid populations formed by using the pedigree method of selection had traits which are more valuable for further breeding than the hybrid population formed by using modified bulk method
This paper strives to investigate the level of business cycles synchronisation between 8 Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC) and the EU-15. We use wavelet coherence and phase difference methodology as a very suitable tool that observes simultaneously the strength of business cycles’ co-movement in the aspect of time as well as in the aspect of frequency. The results indicate that the business cycles of CEECs are generally synchronised with the EU-15 business cycles, whereas distinct differences existed before, during, and after the financial crisis (2008–2009) and during the European sovereign debt crisis (2010–2011). In other words, we demonstrate that very strong business cycles synchronisation occurred in almost all CEECs during crisis periods and at higher wavelet scales, while only moderate synchronisation is recorded in relatively tranquil periods at higher frequencies. The results suggest that smaller CEECs, but also larger countries such as the Czech Republic, Hungary, and to some extent Slovakia as well have a higher level of business cycles synchronisation with the EU-15, particularly in the crisis period at short-run as well as at long-run fluctuations. However, we do not find strong business cycles co-movement in cases of Poland and Latvia via HP and BP filters at higher frequencies during the crisis, which might indicate a higher resistance of these countries to external systemic shocks.
Research Question: The paper investigated a relationship between innovation and transformational/transactional leadership, as well as the impact of these two leadership styles on innovation. Motivation: As there are small number of studies that have examined the impact of transformational and transactional leadership on innovations within the hospitality industry and in Serbia, the need for investigation is imposed. The paper draws on methodology and works of Bass and Avolio (1997), Hogan et al. (2011) and Nasution et al. (2011) which are, in this paper, applied to the context of hotel industry. The results of this study will expand theory in this field and it could be used as a significant practical guide for hotel management in order to achieve business improvement. Idea: In today's turbulent business environment the ability of the organization to innovate been the decisive factor of surviving, creating and maintaining competitive advantage on the market and also a critical factor in improving what the organization does. The aim of this research is to determine the predictive effect of transformational and transactional leadership on innovations within hotel industry in Serbia. Data: The study included 512 employees in 57 tree, four and five-star hotels in Serbia. Convenient sampling method was applied. The questionnaire used measured the attitude of the employees towards innovations and transformational and transactional leadership, as well as socio-demographic variables Tools: Data was prepared and analysed using statistical software IBM SPSS 24.0. Statistical data processing methods used in this paper are descriptive statistics, the reliability of the instrument, correlation and regression analysis. Findings: The research results show that both transformational and transactional leadership predict innovations, where transformational leadership style is a stronger predictor and better correlate with innovations. The results show that transactional leaders may also encourage innovativeness, but within the frames of the tasks already set. They can also motivate the employees by using different methods such as stimulative rewards, but that they are primarily focused on task execution. Contribution: The results can be used in making future decisions, measures and standards related to human resources management, as well as the development and promotion of innovative activities in hotels.
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