Three different extraction techniques were used for aqueous extraction of anions from soil of the type Ranker that was sampled from a serpentine site. The first technique involved the use of a rotary mixer (rotary mixer assisted extraction), the second, a microwave digestion system (microwave assisted extraction), with different extraction temperatures for every cycle during the procedure as follows: 50, 100 and 150 °C. An ultrasonic bath (ultrasonic assisted extraction) was used for the last technique in which the durations of the extraction process were: 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 min. The concentrations of inorganic anions in the soil extracts after filtration were determined by ion chromatography. The results showed that the microwave-assisted extraction was highly efficient, giving, at a temperature of 150 °C, several times higher amounts of extracted anions in water than the other two techniques. Moreover, the extracted amounts of anions obtained by means of an ultrasonic bath with an extraction time ranging from 10 to 50 min were similar to those obtained by means of the rotary mixer with an extraction time of 22 h. However, extraction using the rotary mixer was more reliable, since the extracted amounts of anions obtained by means of an ultrasonic bath do not correlate with prolongation of the extraction time.

The possibility of producing a beverage by wort fermentation enriched with grape must was examined. Must, from two different varieties of grapes, was added to conventional brewer's wort. The fermentation was carried out using a traditional method for lager beer production with the entire process taking thirty days. Following the fermentation process, a sensory analysis of the final product was performed and the total polyphenol content was determined. The results obtained suggest that it is possible to produce a pleasant beverage with some sensory properties similar to conventional beer. In addition to acceptable sensory properties, this drink was characterized by a higher alcohol (7–7.5% v/v) and polyphenol content.

The aim of the present study was to estimate, on the basis of diallel crossing, superior-parent heterosis, components of genetic variability and trait heritability for three yield components in tomato, and to perform the VrWr regression analysis. Six different tomato inbred lines originating from local and introduced breeding material were selected for the study. The hybrids expressed greater mean values for the majority of the traits than the inbred lines. The value of additive component of variance (D) was higher than the value of the dominant variance (H1 and H2) for the number of fruits per plant and the average fruit weight, while the value of the dominant component of variance was higher for the fruit weight per plant. Positive values of additive x dominant genetic effect interaction (F) for the observed traits point to a greater participation of dominant alleles in the inheritance of these traits, which was confirmed by the coefficients H2/4H1 (0.208-0.228) and by the ratio KD/KR being greater than unity (1.129-1.536). The values of the average degree of dominance H / D 1 , lower than unity for the number of fruits per plant and the average fruit weight, indicate that these traits were inherited by partial dominance. Furthermore, values of the degree of dominance greater than unity for the fruit weight indicate that this trait was inherited by dominance or superdominance. These conclusions were also confirmed by high values of the broad- and narrow-sense heritability that varied from 98.88% to 99.44%, i.e., from 45.06 to 87.51%, respectively, as well as, by the VrWr regression for the observed traits in the F1 generation

The aim of this research was to determine genetic values for the fruit width and fruit length in F1 and F2 generation of diallely crossed pepper genotypes, and to evaluate the effects of applying the pedigree and bulk breeding method for producing F3 hybrid populations. Hybrid populations were formed by crossing divergent genotypes belonging to different varieties of species Capsicum annuum L. The research of parental lines lasted for three years, experiments with F1 generation two years, while the analysis of results for F3 hybrid population has been done regarding the data from one year experiment. The heterosis effect in F1 generation for all researched traits and in all crossing combinations was very low. Genetic analysis of F2 generation showed that all researched traits were inherited with partial domination. In F3 generation, hybrid populations formed by using the pedigree method of selection had traits which are more valuable for further breeding than the hybrid population formed by using modified bulk method

This paper introduces the distribution background and unique characteristics of 137Cs in cultivated and undisturbed areas. The samples were taken from three measuring points of the depth of 1 m. We examined all visible horizons and determined their classifications. There were four horizons in one profile. All four horizons had a different zone thickness. 137Cs is an artificial radionuclide that has been produced primarily as a result of atmospheric thermonuclear weapon tests since the 1950. Also, the great amount of 137Cs (~85 PBq) was released in the atmosphere during the Chernobyl accident. So, 137Cs has been globally distributed, with fallout rates generally related to latitude and precipitation depth. The movement of 137Cs in soil is primarily controlled by soil erosion processes, such as processes caused by water, wind, and tillage. Thus, 137Cs is a valuable tracer to study soil erosion. The specific activity of 137Cs in soil and sediment samples was determined by using the gamma-spectrometric method

The levels of Ni, Cu and Mg in Grifola frondosa (also known as Maitake mushroom) fruit body produced on zeolite Minazel Plus (MG)-supplemented substrate were measured with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Two different concentrations of MG were added to the substrate for mushroom cultivation. Levels of selected metals were measured in cultivated dry carpophores. The content of Ni increased in fruit bodies produced on supplemented substrate, while in case of Cu, a pronounced decrease was observed. When two different concentrations of MG were implemented, the Mg level showed both positive and negative trend, depending on the applied concentration of zeolite. MG in a concentration of 1% showed the strongest influence on the observed elements in the cultivated fruiting body of Maitake mushroom. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 46010]

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The humification degrees of humic acids extracted from calcareous and decarbonated Rendzinas under different land use were characterized upon their optical properties, to evaluate the influence of carbonate leaching (decarbonation) and different land uses. Decarbonation influenced the humification degree of humic acids positively. Base leaching and acidification of decarbonated Rendzinas led to a decrease in humification degree of humic acids. In calcareous Rendzinas, the humification degree of humic acids was in descending order: grassland>arable land>forest land, and in decarbonated Rendzinas: arable land>grassland>forest land. The humification degree of humic acids was higher in the calcareous forest and grassland Rendzinas compared to decarbonated Rendzinas, analogously in decarbonated arable land compared to calcareous arable land Rendzinas. Differences in the humification degree of humic acids among various land uses that emerged between calcareous and decarbonated Rendzinas indicate the dominant influence of soil chemical characteristics (carbonate content and pH value) compared with the quantity and quality of the organic litter input.