The paper analyses a new EU enlargement methodology issued by the European Commission in February 2020 named “Enhancing the accession process – A credible EU perspective for the Western Balkans”. The crises that EU have been facing for a decade and the half have led to the stalemate in the EU enlargement process. The main objective of a new enlargement methodology is to reinvigorate the enlargement policy. The changed geopolitical circumstances on the European continent have also an impact on the enlargement policy. The paper presents an attempt to answer the question whether a new enlargement methodology is an adequate response to the structural deficiencies that burden the enlargement process and whether new mechanisms could provide this process with new momentum? The paper first analyses the criteria on which a new methodology is based, as well as the mechanisms for their implementation. Then, the challenges of a new enlargement methodology are discussed. Special attention is paid to the closer integration of the candidate country with the European Union and “phasing-in” to individual EU policies, the EU market and EU programs, as a positive incentive mechanism. Finally, the paper examines the application of a new enlargement methodology in Serbia.
Crises are not a new phenomenon in the context of European integration. Additional integration steps could often only be achieved under the pressure of crises. At present, however, the EU is characterised by multiple crises, so that the integration process as a whole is sometimes being questioned. In 2015, the crisis in the eurozone had escalated to such an extent that for the first time a member state was threatened to leave the eurozone. Furthermore, the massive influx of refugees into the EU has revealed the shortcomings of the Schengen area and the common asylum policy. Finally, with the majority vote of the British in the referendum of 23 June 2016 in favour of the Brexit, the withdrawal of a member state became a reality for the first time. Even in the words of the European Commission, the EU has reached a crossroads. Against this background, the twelfth Network Europe conference included talks on the numerous challenges and future integration scenarios in Europe.
Due to the increased development of digital technology, a new form of social and economic exchange in Virtual Reality (VR) has been created. The users can socially interact with each other through their avatars. Development of VR technology brings a host of legal questions surrounding both the intellectual property of the actual technology as well as unlawful activity within the VR space itself. The use of trademarks in VR is a very complex issue. Any use of trademarks in VR by third party does not constitute an infringement. Depending on the facts of the case, a trademark owner may have potential causes of action against two separate defendants: the user of the platform or the platform itself. If the alleged infringer is a user of the platform and recreates a registrant’s trademark within the VR space of his own violation, the registrant would likely want to sue the user. The second option for plaintiffs is to sue the platform company itself under the theory of either primary or secondary liability. Primary liability will arise where the company itself decided to use trademark in the VR without permission, whereas secondary liability will arise where the company allows VR platform users to use someone else’s trademark, also without permission.
The European Union acts only within the limits of the competences conferred upon it by the Member States in the Treaties to attain the objectives set out therein. In the field of sport, the Member States did not initially confer any powers to the European Union. Nevertheless, first the European Court of Justice and subsequently the Commission have insisted that in so far as sport constitutes an economic activity it falls within the scope of the Treaty. In order to limit the EU’s interventions in sport, in the mid-90s of the 20th century, sports bodies began to advocate for the inclusion of provisions on sport in the Treaties. Sport was first mentioned in the Lisbon Treaty. This paper attempts to analyze the development of sport and sports law in the EU, which can be divided into three phases. Therefore, first, the practice of the EJC and its most significant judgements are discussed. Then, the Amsterdam and Nice Declarations are presented. These declarations are particularly significant because they emphasize the importance of respecting the specificity of sport as an economic activity. Special attention is paid to the implications of the application of article 165 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU.
L’Union européenne est une communauté de citoyens disposant des droits et des devoirs spécifiques, codifiés par les traités. Le terme de citoyenneté de l’Union a été officiellement introduit par le traité de Maastricht en 1992 et le concept de la citoyenneté européenne s’est vue développée par les amendements ultérieurs aux traités fondateurs, y compris les modifications introduites par le traité de Lisbonne qui est toujours en vigueur. Les traités définissent la citoyenneté européenne par référence à la nationalité des États membres. Est citoyen de l’Union toute personne ayant la nationalité d’un État membre. La citoyenneté de l’Union s’ajoute à la citoyenneté nationale et ne la remplace pas. Les citoyens de l’Union jouissent des droits et sont soumis aux devoirs prévus par les traités. Pour montrer l’enjeu de la citoyenneté européenne dans le paysage de l’Union européenne, vu sous l’angle de sa démocratisation, il faut s’interroger, dans un premier temps sur les relations complexes entre cette citoyenneté et l’identité européenne et évaluer, dans un deuxième temps, la participation des citoyens européens dans l’Union européenne.
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