Abstract-Cadmium (Cd), a common toxic heavy metal, is widely distributed in the environment due to its use in industry. In the industry, Cd is hazardous both by inhalation and ingestion and can cause acute and chronic toxicity. Exposure to Cd had been known to cause damage to organs such as kidney, liver and testis. In this present study Cd was proposed caused an oxidative stress in ovarian rat (Rattus novergicus) cells. Female Rattus novergicus was divided in two groups, one control groups and one case group were exposed by Cd. Furthermore we set Superoxidismutase (SOD), Peroxidase (POX) and catalase (CAT) activity with Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and Malondyaldehide (MDA) as a biomarker of oxidative stress. For analyzing of the data, SPSS software version 17 was used and was examined by Mean-Whitney test. For all outcomes, a nominal p-value of p<0.05 was considered significant. The resulted showed that there are a significance differences SOD, GPx and catalase activity between case and control group. The resulted also showed a significance differences H 2 O 2 and MDA levels between case and control group. The result suggest that Cd induced oxidative stress in ovarian cells.Index Terms-Antioxidant enzym, cadmium, ovarian cells and oxidative stress.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has been a global challenge since its first encounter. It has changed the daily lives of families including the sexual behavior of couples due to public health concerns and government policy to restrict people’s movement. It has changed both interpersonal and partner relationships; the time availability at home, the continued presence of children at home, the fear of infection, and the inability to physically interact with others have changed most people’s sexual behavior. AIM: This study aims to evaluate sexual behavior changes in marriage people of Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A cross-sectional online study was conducted, using self-constructed questionnaires. The convenience sample was collected from married males and females for at least 10 months from November 2020 to January 2021. The participants were asked 19 and 20 questions for female and male, respectively, which was an adaptation of the previous questionnaires. Furthermore, a study was conducted to analyze descriptively the changes of sexuality among married people before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: About 201 participants who completed the survey, 110 males (54.7%) and 91 females (45.3%) were included in the analyses. The mean age of participants was 37 years old. Most of the participants have middle to high socio-economy classes and have children at home. Shifting in the work schedule is the main reason to change sexual behaviors. Participants experienced significant changes in sexual behaviors and some sexual responses before and during the restriction time. CONCLUSION: The pandemic has changed sexual behaviors due to social restrictions in Indonesia. These findings imply messages about the consequences of the pandemic on sexual behaviors that may affect the sexual relationship, marriage stability, and physical health itself to fight coronavirus.

ABSTRAK Pandemi coronavirus disease (COVID-19) telah menjadi masalah di seluruh dunia. diketahui bahwa COVID-19 dapat mempengaruhi banyak organ dalam tubuh manusia, seperti paru-paru, ginjal, jantung, dan testis. Efek COVID-19 pada kesuburan pria masih menjadi kekhawatiran oleh para penyintas. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk memberikan edukasi dan informasi kepada para penyintas COVID-19 mengenai dampak infeksi pasca-COVID-19 terhadap kesuburan pria. Kami melakukan sesi konseling dan analisis semen para penyintas COVID-19 di RS Indrapura, Surabaya, untuk menginformasikan dan mengevaluasi pengaruh penyakit tersebut terhadap kesuburan mereka. Sebanyak 10 peserta setuju untuk memeriksakan spermanya di Unit Andrologi RS Soetomo Surabaya. Sebelum pemeriksaan, kami melakukan penyuluhan dan edukasi masyarakat kepada para Survivor COVID-19 di RSUD Indrapura dengan menggunakan platform zoom meeting. Konseling yang kami berikan menjelaskan bagaimana COVID-19 dapat memengaruhi status kesuburan pria dan bagaimana melakukan aktivitas seksual yang aman selama pandemi. Hasil dari analisis semen didapatkan teratozoospermia 70%, oligoashtenozoospermia berat 10%,  oligozoospermia berat 10%, dan azoospermia post centrifuge 10%. Konseling dan analisis semen para penyintas COVID-19 merupakan langkah penting dalam mengedukasi dan mengevaluasi status kesuburan pria. Partisipan diinformasikan dan memahami status kesuburannya setelah terinfeksi COVID-19. Kata kunci: konseling, coronavirus, pandemi, analisis semen, kesuburan pria                                                                                                                                     ABSTRACT The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has been a problem worldwide. It has been known that COVID-19 could affect many organs in the human body, such as the lungs, kidneys, cardiovascular, and testes. The effect of COVID-19 on male fertility is still a concern for many survivors.This community service activity aims to provide education and information to COVID-19 survivors regarding the impact of post-COVID-19 infection on male fertility. We do a counseling session and semen analysis of COVID-19 survivors in Indrapura Hospital, Surabaya, to inform and evaluate the effect of the disease on their fertility. A total of 10 participants agreed to check their semen in Andrology Unit, Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya. Before the examination, we performed community counseling and education of the COVID-19 Survivors in Indrapura Hospital using a zoom meeting. The counseling we give explains how COVID-19 could affect male fertility status and how to do safe sexual activity during pandemics. The results of the semen analysis are teratozoospermia 70%, severe oligoashtenozoospermia 10%,  severe oligozoospermia 10%, and azoospermia post centrifuge 10%. Counseling, and semen analysis of the COVID-19 survivors is an essential step in educating and evaluating male fertility status. Participants were informed and understood their fertility status after being infected by COVID-19.  Keywords: counseling, coronavirus, pandemic, semen analysis, male fertility

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Background. Several studies have shown the short-term effects of COVID-19 on semen quality, but not as many for the long-term effects. This follow-up study aims to explore the long-term effects of COVID-19 on male fertility by comparing semen parameters of patients recovering from COVID-19 infection. Methods. Fourteen subjects aged >18 years old who had a history of resolved COVID-19 infection with previous evidence of laboratory-confirmed positive SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal PCR swab result, and had a previous history of infertility after COVID-19 infection based on the evidence of the semen analysis within 6 months or longer were recruited in this study. Analysis of the semen parameter of all fourteen subjects was performed, including semen volume, pH, sperm concentration, total, progressive, non-progressive, and immotile motility percentage, morphology percentage, leukocyte, erythrocyte, and immature sperm cells parameters. The semen analysis obtained from this current semen analysis was compared with individual baseline semen analysis results, which were obtained in the resolution phase of COVID-19 infection, 6 months or longer from the current semen analysis. Results. Mean pH decreased significantly in follow-up semen analysis, with baseline vs. follow-up 7.9 vs 7.4 (p=0.002; 95%CI=0.3-0.67).