This paper aims to measure the relative efficiency of liner shipping companies in terms of operational and financial performance and further investigates the impact of strategic and operational management on efficiency performance. A two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach is employed combining DEA and Tobit regression, which has been extensively used in various research areas. 14 liner shipping companies from the top 20 container lines in terms of fleet capacity were included in this analysis. The results suggest that the firm size (in terms of TEU capacity), ship size, the ratio of chartered vessels, use of new vessels, and the formation of alliances all make a positive contribution to the financial performance of liner shipping companies. Ship age and ship type did not show a significant contribution to the financial performance and, for the operational performance, any of these determinant factors were not significant. This analysis is able to provide container shipping companies with information on the managerial and strategic implications of how managerial options influence operational and financial performance. In addition, maritime researchers will benefit from this study, measuring the efficiency of container shipping companies and the factors that influence efficiency, as this study is the first to investigate and model factors of relative efficiency of container shipping companies to the authors' knowledge.
Over the past 30 years, technological developments have not only aOE ected the design and operation of the port function, but also the organizational and institutional relationships within the port community. Two inter-organizational interaction models are presented, drawing on the ® ndings of over 200 in-depth interviews with senior managers representing terminal operators, shipping lines, feeder operators, ship agents, road hauliers, freight forwarders and shippers serving the UK± Far East trade. The ® rst model represents a breakbulk berth of the 1960s and the second a modern container terminal community. In comparing the models, it is shown that containerization has transformed the fragmented breakbulk operation of the 1960s into the cohesive container terminal community that today facilitates port operations. The paper concludes by examining trends in key inter-organizational relationships in the community and the emergence of eBusiness.
As the TEU capacity of container ships has risen, there has been an increase in the workload experienced by container terminals during a ship call. This study quantifies the changes in berth and quay workload resulting from increased ship size and the impact on ship-to-shore service levels of North European terminals. First trends in TEUs per ship metre length since 1975 are presented, then, accounting for changes in the TEU Ratio, this is converted into ship-to-shore moves to calculate a Berth Workload Index. Given the bay configurations of each ship, a Quay Crane Workload Index is then developed to determine the extent to which terminals have met these changes by deploying additional quay cranes or by improving quay crane performance. The study concludes by examining the impact of Maersk's Triple E Class container ship on the workload of a berth and quay crane.
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