As the TEU capacity of container ships has risen, there has been an increase in the workload experienced by container terminals during a ship call. This study quantifies the changes in berth and quay workload resulting from increased ship size and the impact on ship-to-shore service levels of North European terminals. First trends in TEUs per ship metre length since 1975 are presented, then, accounting for changes in the TEU Ratio, this is converted into ship-to-shore moves to calculate a Berth Workload Index. Given the bay configurations of each ship, a Quay Crane Workload Index is then developed to determine the extent to which terminals have met these changes by deploying additional quay cranes or by improving quay crane performance. The study concludes by examining the impact of Maersk's Triple E Class container ship on the workload of a berth and quay crane.
Sovereign Pipe (formally Halliflow™), a Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipe has been developed by Halliburton Wellstream as an alternative pipeline technology for onshore infield flowlines. This technology builds on Wellstream’s strengths in the provision of unbonded flexible pipe solutions for the offshore oil and gas industry since 1989. A significant proportion of global production originates from onshore developments, and this sector has become increasingly concerned with optimizing production output and maximizing the productive life of fields. This requires the flexibility to manage fields and associated wells efficiently and life cycle costs effectively. Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipe technology is ideally suited to meet this need, providing a robust product that can operate efficiently in extremes of temperature, for extreme services that have corrosion implications for traditional carbon steel pipes and yet provides the flexibility for re-deployment as field conditions change over the product life. This paper details the Sovereign Pipe design methodology, service criteria, Arctic and tundra applications and associated thermal dynamics which make this product suitable for such life of field applications. Factors specifically considered here include ease of manufacturing and installation, and technical characteristics such as thermal dynamics, chemical resistance to internal fluids and resistance to ultra violet degradation.
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