Objective. Sugar-sweetened soft drinks contain large amounts of fructose, which may significantly increase serum uric acid levels and the risk of gout. Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between sugar-sweetened soft drink intake, diet soft drink intake, and serum uric acid levels in a nationally representative sample of men and women. Methods. Using data from 14,761 participants age >20 years from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988 -1994), we examined the relationship between soft drink consumption and serum uric acid levels using linear regression. Additionally, we examined the relationship between soft drink consumption and hyperuricemia (serum uric acid level >7.0 mg/dl for men and >5.7 mg/dl for women) using logistic regression. Intake was assessed by a food-frequency questionnaire. Results. Serum uric acid levels increased with increasing sugar-sweetened soft drink intake. After adjusting for covariates, serum uric acid levels associated with sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption categories (<0.5, 0.5-0.9, 1-3.9, and >4 servings/day) were greater than those associated with no intake by 0.08, 0.15, 0.33, and 0.42 mg/dl, respectively (95% confidence interval 0.11, 0.73; P < 0.001 for trend). The multivariate odds ratios for hyperuricemia according to the corresponding sweetened soft drink consumption levels were 1.01, 1.34, 1.51, and 1.82, respectively (P ؍ 0.003 for trend). Diet soft drink consumption was not associated with serum uric acid levels or hyperuricemia (multivariate P > 0.13 for trend). Conclusion. These findings from a nationally representative sample of US adults suggest that sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption is associated with serum uric acid levels and frequency of hyperuricemia, but diet soft drink consumption is not.
Purpose-To evaluate the impact of serum uric acid levels on the future risk of developing type 2 diabetes independent of other factors.Methods-We used prospective data from the Framingham Heart Study original (n=4,883) and offspring (n=4,292) cohorts to examine the association between serum uric acid levels and the incidence of diabetes. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the relative risk (RR) of incident diabetes adjusting for age, sex, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, hypertension, body mass index, and blood levels of glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, and triglycerides.Results-We identified 641 incident cases of diabetes in the original cohort and 497 cases in the offspring cohort. The incidence rates of diabetes per 1000 person-years for serum uric acid levels <5.0, 5.0-5.9, 6.0-6.9, 7.0-7.9 and ≥8.0 mg/dL were 3. 3, 6.1, 8.7, 11.5, and 15.9 in the original cohort, and 2. 9, 5.0, 6.6, 8.7, 10.9 in the offspring cohort, respectively (P-values for trends <0.001). Multivariable RRs per mg/dL increase in serum uric acid levels were 1.20 (95% CI, 1.11 to 1.28) for the original cohort and 1.15 (95% CI, 1.06 to 1.23) for the offspring cohort.Conclusions-These prospective data from two generations of the Framingham Heart Study provide evidence that individuals with higher serum uric acid, including younger adults, are at a higher future risk of type 2 diabetes independent of other known risk factors. These data expand on cross-sectional associations between hyperuricemia and the metabolic syndrome, and extend the link to the future risk of type 2 diabetes. © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Corresponding Author: Hyon Choi, MD, DrPH, Section of Rheumatology and the Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Boston University of School of Medicine, 650 Albany Street, Suite 200, Boston, MA 02118, Tel: +1 617-638-5490; Fax: +1 617-638-5239, hchoius@bu.edu. Author Contributions: All authors had access to the data and were involved in drafting the article and revising it critically for important intellectual content.Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. The prevalence of diabetes in the U.S (2007) was estimated to be 10.7% (23.5 million) among adults aged 20 years or older and 23.1% (12.2 million) among those aged 60 years and older. 1 Hyperuricemia, the precursor of gout, is strongly associated with insulin resistance syndrome, an established risk factor for type 2 diabetes. 2,3 This link may be translated into an independent association between hyperuricemia and the future risk of type 2 diabetes, but little prospective data on the topi...
LLLT could be an effective treatment for AGA.
Application of autologous PRP is an effective method for enhancing wound healing and reducing transient adverse effects after FxCR treatment.
Few population-based studies have focused on the epidemiology and comorbidities of chronic urticaria (CU) or chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). The objective of this study was to obtain information on the epidemiology and comorbidities associated with CU and CSU in Korea. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using a national health insurance database. An algorithm based on the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, was used for the identification of patients with CU and CSU, and an age-sex adjusted logistic regression model was used to assess the risk of comorbidities in these patients. The average annual prevalence rates of CU and CSU during the 4-year period between 2010 and 2013 were 3.08% and 1.40%, respectively. The prevalence rates of CU and CSU were higher in women than men (1:1.39 and 1:1.34, respectively) and peaked at 0-9 and 70-79 years, respectively. After adjustment for age and sex, the patients with CU and CSU were found to have a significantly higher prevalence rate of CU/CSU-related diseases, compared with those without CU (mean adjusted odds ratio, 8.46; 95% confidence interval, 8.10-8.83). Allergic rhinitis, drug allergies, asthma, thyroid diseases and cancers were the most common comorbidities. Stomach, thyroid, liver and prostate cancers were the most prevalent cancers. This study provides large epidemiological data on the prevalence rates of CU and CSU, and their comorbidities, in Korea. Patients with CU and CSU impose a higher burden, in terms of specific comorbidities, than those without CU.
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