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Poor wound healing is a highly prevalent clinical problem with, as yet, no entirely satisfactory solution. A new technique, termed electrospinning, may provide a solution to improve wound healing. Due to their large surface area to volume ratio and porosity, the nanofibers created by electrospinning are able to deliver sustained drug release and oxygen to the wound. Using different types of polymers with varying properties helps strengthening nanofiber and exudates absorption. The nanofibers appear to have an ideal structure applicable for wound healing and, in combination with curcumin, can blend the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of curcumin into a highly effective wound dressing. The use of suitable curcumin solvents and the slow release of curcumin from the nanofiber help in overcoming the known limitations of curcumin, specifically its low stability and limited bioavailability.Here, we review the studies which have been done on synthesized nanofibers containing curcumin, produced by the electrospinning technique, for the purpose of wound healing.

Chronic wounds have become a major health problem worldwide. Curcumin (Cur), with strong anti-inflammatory and anti-infective properties, is introduced as a unique molecule for wound dressing applications. In the present study, Cur-loaded chitosan/poly­(ethylene oxide)/collagen (Cho/PEO/Col) nanofibers were developed for wound dressing applications by the blend–electrospinning process. Structural, mechanical, and biological properties of nanofibers were evaluated using SEM, FTIR, tensile testing, in vitro release study, Alamar blue cytotoxicity assay, and in vivo study in a rat model. According to the results, Cur was successfully released up to 3 days without any significant cytotoxicity of the above hybrid to human dermal fibroblasts. In vivo studies on full-thickness wounds in the rat model indicated significant improvement in the mean wound area closure by applying Cur-loaded Cho/PEO/Col nanofibers. The electrospun Cho/PEO/Col nanofibers loaded with Cur could be considered as a promising type of wound dressing in the wound-healing process.

BackgroundIARS2 encodes a mitochondrial isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase, a highly conserved nuclear-encoded enzyme required for the charging of tRNAs with their cognate amino acid for translation. Recently, pathogenic IARS2 variants have been identified in a number of patients presenting broad clinical phenotypes with autosomal recessive inheritance. These phenotypes range from Leigh and West syndrome to a new syndrome abbreviated CAGSSS that is characterised by cataracts, growth hormone deficiency, sensory neuropathy, sensorineural hearing loss, and skeletal dysplasia, as well as cataract with no additional anomalies.MethodsGenomic DNA from Iranian probands from two families with consanguineous parental background and overlapping CAGSSS features were subjected to exome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis.ResultsExome sequencing and data analysis revealed a novel homozygous missense variant (c.2625C > T, p.Pro909Ser, NM_018060.3) within a 14.3 Mb run of homozygosity in proband 1 and a novel homozygous missense variant (c.2282A > G, p.His761Arg) residing in an ~ 8 Mb region of homozygosity in a proband of the second family. Patient-derived fibroblasts from proband 1 showed normal respiratory chain enzyme activity, as well as unchanged oxidative phosphorylation protein subunits and IARS2 levels. Homology modelling of the known and novel amino acid residue substitutions in IARS2 provided insight into the possible consequence of these variants on function and structure of the protein.ConclusionsThis study further expands the phenotypic spectrum of IARS2 pathogenic variants to include two patients (patients 2 and 3) with cataract and skeletal dysplasia and no other features of CAGSSS to the possible presentation of the defects in IARS2. Additionally, this study suggests that adult patients with CAGSSS may manifest central adrenal insufficiency and type II esophageal achalasia and proposes that a variable sensorineural hearing loss onset, proportionate short stature, polyneuropathy, and mild dysmorphic features are possible, as seen in patient 1. Our findings support that even though biallelic IARS2 pathogenic variants can result in a distinctive, clinically recognisable phenotype in humans, it can also show a wide range of clinical presentation from severe pediatric neurological disorders of Leigh and West syndrome to both non-syndromic cataract and cataract accompanied by skeletal dysplasia.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12881-018-0709-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), as alternative colloidal carriers, have been used for the sustained release of lipophilic drugs with poor water solubility. One of the most important parameters in the characterization of SLNs is entrapment efficiency (EE). Despite the importance of this factor in estimating the drug loading capacity, EE does not always represent the exact percentage of the entrapped drug. Several variables such as the stirring speed and duration, and concentration of surfactant, emulsifier, and drug play important roles in determining the final EE. In addition, EE is mainly affected by the type and concentration of the lipid. There are two major methods for the measurement of EE are in which the encapsulated drug in SLNs is either directly measured (direct method) or the amount of unencapsulated drug in the supernatant is measured (indirect method). Accuracy of drug analysis is the main challenge for EE calculation, and is either performed in the separated aqueous medium or the particles. In this review, we aimed to introduce the available methods for EE determination in SLNs and discuss the advantages and shortcomings of each method.