Les directives traditionnelles stipulent qu'un développement musculaire nécessite un entraînement avec une charge minimale correspondant à 70 % du maximum d'une répétition (1RM). Cepen dant, des preuves récentes suggèrent que l'entraînement à faible charge (2040 % de 1RM), combiné à une restriction modérée du flux sanguin (Blood Flow Restriction, BFR), peut également entraîner des améliorations de la masse et de la force musculaires. Alors que le BFR a d'abord été principalement étudié sur des populations cliniques, de nouveaux travaux rapportent son efficacité en milieu sportif. Cet article présente les mécanismes, les méthodes, les protocoles, les risques ainsi que les effets connus du BFR. Exercise training with blood flow restriction : mechanisms and applicationsTraditional guidelines state that substantial muscle development requires training at least 70% of the one-repetition maximum (1RM) load. However, recent evidence has proven that low load training (20-40 % 1RM) combined with moderate blood flow restriction (BFR) can also lead to improvements in muscle mass and strength. While BFR has primarily been studied in clinical populations, emerging evidence demonstrates the effectiveness of BFR in sport. This article displays the mechanisms, methods, protocols, risks, and known effects of BFR. La pression optimale dépend de plusieurs caractéristiques ; d'une part, la forme et la largeur/longueur du brassard, le

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ObjectivesTo assess the self-reported prevalence of sexism and sexual harassment at a Swiss medical school, and to investigate their association with mental health. Research hypotheses were an association between sexism/sexual harassment and poor mental health and a higher prevalence of sexism/sexual harassment in clinical rotations.DesignCross-sectional study as a part of ETMED-L project, an ongoing cohort study of interpersonal competences and mental health of medical students.SettingSingle-centre Swiss study using an online survey submitted to medical students.ParticipantsFrom 2096 registered students, 1059 were respondents (50.52%). We excluded 26 participants (25 due to wrong answers to attention questions, and 1 who did not answer the sexism exposure question). The final sample (N=1033) included 720 women, 300 men and 13 non-binary people.MeasuresPrevalence of self-reported exposure to sexism/sexual harassment. Multivariate regression analyses of association between being targeted by sexism or sexual harassment and mental health (depression, suicidal ideation, anxiety, stress, burnout, substance use and recent mental health consultation). Regression models adjusted for gender, academic year, native language, parental education level, partnership and an extracurricular paid job.ResultsBeing targeted by sexism or sexual harassment was reported by 16% of participants with a majority of women (96%). The prevalence increased with clinical work. After adjusting for covariates, we found association between being targeted by sexism/harassment and risk of depression (OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.54 to 3.41, p<0.001), suicidal ideation (B coefficient (B) 0.37, p<0.001) and anxiety (B 3.69, p<0.001), as well as cynicism (B 1.46, p=0.001) and emotional exhaustion (B 0.94, p=0.044) components of burnout, substance use (B 6.51, p<0.001) and a recent mental health consultation (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.66, p=0.005).ConclusionsSexism and sexual harassment, although less common than usually reported, are behaviours of concern in this medical school and are significantly associated with mental health.