The stabilization of both the m s=s 2, n = 1 tearing mode and a detached plasma has been obtained with the use of the ergodic divertor in Tore Supra Ohmically heated discharges at the density limit and for low plasma pressure. This has allowed us, for the first time, to define and to check a discharge piloting strategy to prevent density-limit disruptions and to create a stable edge radiating layer which dissipates 100% of the input power.PACS numbers: 52.35.Py, 52.55.Fa, In future thermonuclear reactors such as ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor), the plasma-facing components will have to absorb tremendous power fluxes. Any inhomogeneity in the power flux or in the power deposition can cause damage to these components. For instance, in the case of conductiveconvective power losses, the misalignment of first wall components can focus the power on salient surfaces [1]. The simplest way to get rid of this inhomogeneity is to maximize radiative losses at the plasma edge. Such an ideal radiating regime is directly achieved on tokamaks when the density limit is approached, inducing radiative phenomena such as MARFEs (multifaceted asymmetric radiation from the edge) and detached plasmas which radiate up to 100% of the input power [2,3]. This attractive scenario is counterbalanced by major disruptions occurring at the density limit and restricting the stable operating regime of present day tokamaks [4].With long-pulse operation (> 30 s), high auxiliary heating power (<20 MW), and a first wall cooled by fully pressurized water (30 bars, 230°C), Tore Supra already meets two major problems arising on future large tokamaks: the power exhaust and disruptions. For these reasons we are looking for specific operational strategies on Tore Supra to solve these problems. In this paper we report the results of experiments where for the first time the ergodic divertor (ED) [5,6] has been used to stabilize simultaneously the radiative structure of a detached plasma and the w-2, /z = l tearing mode (m and n are respectively the poloidal and toroidal numbers), both encountered in the predisruptive phase of density-limit disruptions. This allows us to avoid disruptions and to create plasmas with a stable edge radiating layer which is poloidally symmetric and dissipates 100% of the input power. These properties enlarge the application field of the ED, the first purpose of the ED being the screening of the plasma from the wall and the reduction of impurity contamination by increasing the transport in the ergodic layer.The ED in Tore Supra allows us to destroy magnetic surfaces in an "ergodic layer" of about 0.1 m radial width at the edge. Each point in this layer is connected to the wall by a field line performing 3 to 12 toroidal turns. The Tore Supra ED is composed of six coils equally spaced toroidally. The poloidal and toroidal extensions of the coils are A0 = 12O° and A0 = 11°, respectively. This set of coils produces a total radial field perturbation SB^D which is the sum of resonant components along field lines....
Résumé — Les solutions techniques aux impératifs physiologiques qui régissent la réalisation du transfert d'embryons chez les petits ruminants sont en constante évolution. Nous en dressons une revue très sélective. Quelle qu'en soit la finalité, le transfert embryonnaire repose sur la capacité d'obtenir des donneuses une récolte suffisante d'embryons utilisables; la superovulation, première étape obligée, est induite à l'aide de préparations gonadotropes dont les plus appropriées sont les extraits hypophysaires, dits «FSH-P»; 3 j de stimulation à activités FSH décroissante et LH croissante assurent en moyenne 11,1 (brebis) ou 14,2 (chèvre) ovulations avec respectivement 20% et 10% de réponses inférieures à 5 corps jaunes (CJ). Chez la brebis, un prétraitement antigonadotrope préalable a permis d'accroître significativement la superovulation par élimination des nonréponses; chez la chèvre se pose le problème de la répétabilité de la stimulation par des hormones hétérologues, qui met en jeu la réponse immunitaire. Conséquence de la superovulation, l'altération de la survie et/ou de la remontée des spermatozoïdes dans le tractus femelle condamne l'IA exocervicale; chez la brebis si le dépôt in utero de 100 x 10 6 spermatozoïdes frais est effectué de façon standard 49 h après l'arrêt du traitement de synchronisation des chaleurs 77% des embryons collectés sont utilisables contre 87 % si l'insémination est pratiquée «à la carte&dquo; 32 h après le début de l'oestrus ; chez la chèvre inséminée in utero avec 100 x 10 6 spz congelés 45 h après l'arrêt du traitement progestagène, le taux de division moyen est de 71%, mais il atteint 87% pour les femelles inséminées 15 h après leur pic de LH. Dans cette espèce la définition d'un moment d'IA standardisé mais adapté pour l'ensemble des donneuses suppose d'améliorer le groupement des ovulations. La collecte des morulas compactées/blastocystes a lieu 5-6 j (brebis) ou 6-7 j (chèvre) après la fécon-dation. L'infranchissabilité du cervix impose pour pratiquer le rétro-flushing des cornes une approche transpéritonéale. Après laparotomie, la réussite en première collecte est de 72-75% mais la répéta-bilité de l'intervention est faible; en revanche la méthode laparoscopique, un peu moins performante en première collecte (63%), a été répétée avec succès jusqu'à 6-7 fois. La cryopréservation des embryons aux âges précisés fait appel à une technologie calquée sur le modèle bovin au moins pour la courbe de refroidissement. Avec 1,5 mol. 20% and 10% non-responses (< 5 corpora lutea (CL)), respectively. In the ewe, prior antigonadotrophic pretreatment results in a significant gain in ovulation rate due to the elimination of non-responses. In the goat, however, the responsiveness to repeated exogenous stimulation is impaired by the immune reaction. As a consequence of superovulation, there is a decrease in spermatozoal survival andlor transport within the donor genital tract which seems to condemn cervical artificial insemination. In the ewe, deposition of 100 x 10 6 fresh sperma...
Longitudinal coupled bunch instabilities in the CERN PS represent a major limitation to the high brightness beam delivered for the LHC. To identify possible impedance sources for these instabilities, machine development studies have been carried out. The growth rates of coupled bunch modes have been measured, and modes have been identified using mountain range data. Growth rate estimations from coupled bunch mode theory are compared to these results. It is shown that the longitudinal impedance of the broad resonance curve of the main 10 MHz RF system can be identified as the most probable source. Several modes are driven simultaneously due to the large width of the resonance, which is considered for the analysis.
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