Chronological age 1 :1 If child is 4 or more weeks premature, use corrected age. Calculate chronological age by subtracting Date of birth from Date the Checklist was filled out.
Social media applications are growing across the globe to bring new knowledge and information to target audiences. The use and management of social media in nursing journals have yet to be investigated on a large scale. This cross-sectional study was the first to explore the management of social media and the role of social media editors at nursing journals. Seventyfive nursing journals have pioneered social media as platforms for knowledge dissemination. Almost 51% of nursing journals from this sample are now using social media editors or a designated person to manage online applications, promote journal contents, and increase journal reach.
c onstipation generally refers to a failure to evacuate the lower colon and is a subjective interpretation of bowel function disturbance. constipation is associated with infrequent bowel movements, difficulty defecating, abdominal pain, straining, bloating, and pain upon defecation (Dains, Baumann, & Scheibel, 2020). constipation is one of the most common reasons for healthcare consultation, affecting approximately 15% of the general population and up to 50% of individuals older than 65 years (Raji & Srinivasan, 2018). constipation disproportionately affects women and non-White individuals (Mukherjee & Marwill, 2021) and contributes to increased healthcare dollar expenditures (Betts, 2021). Many people affected by constipation report intermittent symptoms that require minimal or no intervention. Others report long-standing negative impacts interfering with daily life quality, requiring further investigation (Dains et al., 2020).
Pathophysiologythere is a lack of broad agreement on stool frequency, consistency, and size norms, with considerable uncertainty into how much deviation is required to constitute a constipation diagnosis (Dains et al., 2020). Self-reports of constipation must be looked at closely on a case-by-case basis. table 1 includes constipation risk factors. constipation is classified as either primary or secondary in nature. Both primary and secondary constipation may result from altered rectal motor activity, delays in colonic transit, and/or pelvic floor dysfunction (Mukherjee & Marwill, 2021). primary (functional) constipation is more common than secondary constipation and can be divided into three categories: normal transit, slow transit, or outlet obstruction (table 2).primary constipation stems from a problem within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and is defined by the Rome Foundation as at least two of the following nonconsecutive symptoms over a period of 12 weeks during the preceding 6 months:• Infrequent bowel movements (less than three bowel movements per week); • Straining during greater than 25% of bowel movements;
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