Constipation

Abstract

c onstipation generally refers to a failure to evacuate the lower colon and is a subjective interpretation of bowel function disturbance. constipation is associated with infrequent bowel movements, difficulty defecating, abdominal pain, straining, bloating, and pain upon defecation (Dains, Baumann, & Scheibel, 2020). constipation is one of the most common reasons for healthcare consultation, affecting approximately 15% of the general population and up to 50% of individuals older than 65 years (Raji & Srinivasan, 2018). constipation disproportionately affects women and non-White individuals (Mukherjee & Marwill, 2021) and contributes to increased healthcare dollar expenditures (Betts, 2021). Many people affected by constipation report intermittent symptoms that require minimal or no intervention. Others report long-standing negative impacts interfering with daily life quality, requiring further investigation (Dains et al., 2020). Pathophysiologythere is a lack of broad agreement on stool frequency, consistency, and size norms, with considerable uncertainty into how much deviation is required to constitute a constipation diagnosis (Dains et al., 2020). Self-reports of constipation must be looked at closely on a case-by-case basis. table 1 includes constipation risk factors. constipation is classified as either primary or secondary in nature. Both primary and secondary constipation may result from altered rectal motor activity, delays in colonic transit, and/or pelvic floor dysfunction (Mukherjee & Marwill, 2021). primary (functional) constipation is more common than secondary constipation and can be divided into three categories: normal transit, slow transit, or outlet obstruction (table 2).primary constipation stems from a problem within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and is defined by the Rome Foundation as at least two of the following nonconsecutive symptoms over a period of 12 weeks during the preceding 6 months:• Infrequent bowel movements (less than three bowel movements per week); • Straining during greater than 25% of bowel movements;

Influencing Factors of Constipation in Elderly Patients With Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Implication for Clinical Care

“…It has been found (Judkins et al, 2023) that intestinal water absorption increases, microflora changes and inflammation occurs during constipation. Therefore, elderly patients with cerebral hemorrhage should increase fiber, abdominal massage combined with adequate fluid, proper physical activity, correct defecation posture, and other lifestyle training to improve the symptoms of constipation (Dunlap & Dunlap, 2021;Fekri et al, 2021). It has been reported that (Judkins et al, 2023) positively and independently related to hypertension, and that these two factors interact to change the risk of cardiovascular events.…”

Effects of Environmental Crude Oil Pollution on Newborn Birth Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort Study

“…Environmental pollution is the release of typically harmful substances into the environment (Dunlap, 2018). Possible sources of environmental pollution include coal, diesel traffic, generator use, petrol traffic, particulate matter, and crude oil extraction processes, among others (Janitz et al, 2019).…”