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Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infections worldwide and the pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility varies widely in different geographical regions depending on the antibiotic policies. Aim: To know the bacteriological profile of UTIs and the antibiogram of uropathogens in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Material and Methods: This study was prospective and conducted at tertiary care center in one year study duration (2015). All the patients clinically suspected of having UTI were enrolled, culture and sensitivity was performed as per standard protocol, irrespective of age, sex, indoor/outdoor and associated illnesses. Results: In a total of 2217 patients, 967 (43.61 %) were positive for uropathogen by culture, and positivity in female was high (46.48%) as compared to male (38.46%). Escherichia coli was the most common 346 (35.80 %) uropathogen followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 183 (18.92%) and Enterococcus species 125 (12.92%). Gram negative isolates were most sensitive to imipenem (92%), ceftazidime-clavulanic acid (71%), piperacillin-tazobactam (68%), amikacin (60%), followed by nitrofurantoin (56%). Gram positive isolates were most sensitive to vancomycin (91%) followed by linezolid (80%) and amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (45 %). Conclusion: UTI is a very common problem and rate of antibiotic resistance is relatively high. Imipenem, ceftazidimeclavulanic acid, piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin, vancomycin and linezolid, were found sensitive against isolated uropathogens.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of minocycline in Japanese Encephalitis (JE) patient on reduction in mortality, neurological deficit and behavioral outcome. Design: Double blind randomized placebo control trial. Setting: Tertiary level hospital. Inclusion criteria: Only JE patients who were IgM positive for JE Virus (JEV) in cerebrospinal fluid and/or serum were included. Exclusion criteria: Those clinically suspected JE patients who were IgM negative for JE Virus (JEV) in cerebrospinal fluid and serum were excluded. Patients were selected randomly. Intervention: A total of 44 patients of JE of the age range between 1-13yr were divided equally in two groups A and B. Group A received drug under study, that is minocycline, and Group B received placebo. Outcome measures: The present study was designed to: compare the clinical course during hospitalization and after discharge in terms of duration of symptoms, death and disability at the time of discharge, outcome of the intervention on clinical recovery, behavioral problems and neurological deficit after 12 month of follow up. Results: Duration of fever, unconsciousness and total duration of hospital stay were significantly reduced in Group A (minocycline) patients. Conclusion: Minocycline has significant beneficial effect in JE patients in duration of major symptoms and duration of hospital stay. However, the mortality rate and prevalence of neurological deficits and behavioral problems on a 12 months follow up remain unchanged.

Background: In December 2019, a cluster of pneumonia cases caused by a novel corona virus (2019-nCov), later named as severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was detected in China. In India, 30th January 2020 first positive case ofSARS-CoV-2was reported from Kerala. The reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the standard method of choice for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Certain biomarker molecules that are being evaluated for assessment of severity and prognosis are; D-dimer, C reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), complete blood counts (CBC) and serum ferritin. The elevated levels of these biomarkers were associated with extent of inflammation. Objective: This prospective study was designed to assess the severity and prognosis of pneumonia cases caused by SARS-CoV-2 using different haematological and biochemical biomarkers. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted among 242 participants attending covid-19 facility of BRD Medical College Gorakhpur, after confirmation by RT-PCR. Different haematological and biochemical biomarkers were analyzed using 5 ml fasting venous blood samples and these were analysed in auto analysers using standard protocol as per manufacturer’s instructions. Finally result was analyzed using standard statistical calculation by %positivity, confidence interval, p values and ≤ 0.05 is considered as statistically significant. Results: Among a total of 242 COVID-19 cases based on different haematological and biomarkers assessment; 92 were critically ill and 150 non-critically ill. The mean ±SD of various haematological parameters among critically ill cases were; haemoglobin (13.0±1.8),TLC (13846.13±3903.76),PLT (92213.48±61415.07),NLR(36.5±30.4).The mean ±SD of the biochemical parameters of critically ill participant was; CRP 44.7±35.4 (95%CI 25.06,2.93),D. dimer 2.9±2.6 (95%CI 1.69,0.10), serum ferritin 1204.7±750.7 (95%CI 581.8,60.1),LDH 397.2±180.8 (95% CI 133.01,0.0163). The level of different haematological and biochemical parameters was raised also in non-critically ill cases but at lower side. Out of these 242 cases; 106 (43.8%) were died and 136 (56.2%) survived but the mortality was high in critically ill cases. Conclusion: Our findings show that level of D-dimer, LDH, CRP, NLR and serum ferritin,can be used to assess the severity and prognosis of COVID-19 cases. Among these biomarkers; D-dimer levels correlate more precisely with severity and can be considered as a reliable prognostic marker.

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Background and Purpose: Superficial mycosis is more prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries, such as India. Regarding this, the present study was conducted to determine the epidemiology of superficial mycosis and identify the most common dermatophytic species in this region. Materials and Methods: For the purpose of the study, a total of 220 skin scraping, nail, and hair root specimens were collected. Direct microscopic examination was performed using potassium hydroxide mount. Additionally, the samples were inoculated onto Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and dermatophyte test medium (DTM). The fungal colony of each isolates was stained with lactophenol cotton blue mount, and observed under microscope for species identification. Results: Out of 220 isolates, 172 samples, obtained from 108 males 64 females, were positive for skin fungal infections by either KOH mount or culture. Furthermore, 113 isolates were identified as dermatophytes, while 59 samples were found to be non-dermatophytes. Among the dermatophytes isolated from different clinical samples, Trichophyton verrucosum (42/113, 38%) was the most common species, and Tinea corporis was the most common infection (36.2%). Conclusion: As the findings indicated, dermatophytes had an isolation rate of 78%, which is higher than normal. This can be due to the fact that the majority of the patients were from a rural background (71.7%) with a low socioeconomic status and poor personal hygiene who were exposed to climatic changes.

Introduction and Aim:  Neonatal infections are the leading cause of mortality among neonates after prematurity.  The importance determining biological markers to be used as a diagnostic test to detect neonatal infections the in early stage of the disease is a challenge. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness & sensitivity of various serological markers such as serum Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and chemokine IL-6 for diagnosis of neonatal infections leading to sepsis in new born infants. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among newborns admitted in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and meeting the selection criteria. Samples were collected for blood culture and ELISA was performed for detection of CRP, PCT & IL-6. Results: A total of 300 newborns were included in this study from NICU of which 132 (44%) neonates was found to be blood culture positive. The most frequently isolated organisms were Klebsiella pneumoniae (26.5%), followed by Candida albicans (18.1%). In case of confirmed neonatal sepsis, significant higher levels of CRP, PCT and IL-6 were detected than in cases of probable sepsis. Serum procalcitonin levels exhibit highest sensitivity and specificity as 65.91% and 91.67% respectively. Conclusion: Serum procalcitonin has better diagnostic utility in terms of biological marker for the diagnosis of neonatal infections than C- reactive protein and Interleukin-6.

Background: India has approximately 2.4 million of people living with HIV and out of these two thirds live in rural areas. This study may yield significant data to understand epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in this region that would help in designing techniques for effective implementation to prevent this infection.Methods: The present study was a comprehensive retrospective hospital-based investigation of the HIV infection in eastern Uttar Pradesh, India based on a large number of clinical samples at HCTS centre, representing different geographic regions and has been functional since 2002, conducting HIV tests, counselling of patients as well as maintains proper records.Results: A total of 444 HIV positive clients were registered in this retrospective study. The male and female ratio among all positive clients was 1.67:1 and the most common age group for both the genders was 35-49 years. Among 444 HIV positive clients, HIV-TB co-infection found in 72 (16.21%) cases. Out of 444 clients, 177 (40%) and 167 (38%) found extremely immunocompromised with low CD4 cells count in range between of 0-100 cells/mm3 and >100-350 cells/mm3 respectively. Mortality was seen in 72 (16%) out of 444 HIV positive clients.Conclusions: There is an urgent need of information, education about this disease and by providing suitable occupation or to make them aware, which will markedly help in preventing the spread of HIV pandemic in this geographical region.